Review of AC Circuits IE

1
Assad Abu-Jasser, PhD

Electric Power Engineering
The Islamic University of Gaza
ajasser@iugaza.edu.ps
site.iugaza.edu.ps/ajasser
Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser - EE Department - IUGaza

2
Review of AC Circuits

3 The Sinusoidal Waveform
 V m cos(t   )
1
f  c/s or Hz
T
  2 f rad/s
  2 /T rad/s
t  time
  phase angle
t o T
1
V rms 
T 
to
V m2 cos 2 (t   )dt
Vm
V rms V eff 
2
4 Example 1
A sinusoidal current has a maximum amplitude of 20 A. The current passes through
one complete cycle in 1 ms. The magnitude of the current at zero time is 10 A.
a) What is the frequency of the current in hertz?
b) What is the frequency in radians per second?
c) Write the expression for i(t) using the cosine function. Express Φ in degrees.
d) What is the rms value of the current?
1 1
a) f   3
 1000 Hz
T 110
b )   2 f  2000 rad/s
c ) i (t )  I m cos(t   )
i (t )  20 cos(2000 t   )
i (0)  10 A 10  20 cos    60
i (t )  20 cos(2000 t  60 ) A
Im 20
d ) I rms    14.14 A
2 2
5 Example 2
A sinusoidal voltage is given by the expression υ=300cos(120πt+30).
a) What is the period of the voltage in ms?
b) What is the frequency in hertz?
c) Write the magnitude of the voltage at t=2.778 ms?
d) What is the rms value of the voltage?
2 1
a )   120 rad/s    120 rad/s T  s or 16.667 ms
T 60
1 1
b) f    60 Hz
T 1 60
30
c )  (2.778 ms)  300cos (120 (2.778 10 )  3
)0
180
 2
V m 300
d )V rms    212.13 V
2 2
Passive Circuit Elements in f-Domain
6
V-I Relationship for a Resistor
  R  I m cos(t  i ) V  RI m e j i
 RI m i
  RI m  cos(t  i ) V  RI
7
V-I Relationship for an Inductor
i  I m cos(t  i )
di
L   LI m cos(t   i  90 )
dt
V   LI m e j (i 90 )   LI m e j i e  j 90
V  j  LI m e j i  j  LI
V   L 90  I m i   LI m i  90 
V   LI m i  90 

8
V-I Relationship for a Capacitor
d
i c
dt
 V m cos(t   )
I  j CV
1
V  I
j C
1
V  90 I m  i
C
Im
V   i  90
C

9 Impedance and Reactance
1
V  RI V  j  LI V  I
j C
V  ZI

10 Example 3
A 90Ω resistor, a 32 mH inductor, and a 5 μF capacitor are connected in series
across the terminals of a sinusoidal voltage source. The steady-state expression for
the source voltage υs is 750 cos(5000t+30o) V.
a) Construct the frequency-domain equivalent circuit
b) Calculate the steady-state current i by the phasor method
Z L  j  L  j 5000(32 103 ) Z ab  90  j 160  j 40

Z L  j 160 
Z ab  90  j 120
1 10 6
ZC  j j   j 40  Z ab  150 53.13
C 5000(5)
V  750 30 V 750 30
I   5 23.13 A
150 53.13
i  5 cos(5000t  23.13 )
11 The Instantaneous Power
p  i
 V m cos(t   )
i  I m cos(t  i )
 V m cos(t    i )
i  I m cos t
p  V m I m cos(t    i ) cos t
1 1
cos  cos   cos(   )  cos(   )
2 2
  t    i   t
VmIm V I
p cos(  i )  m m cos(2t    i )
2 2
V I V I V I
p  m m cos(  i )  m m cos(  i ) cos 2t  m m sin(  i )sin 2t
2 2 2
12 Active and Reactive Power
VmIm V mIm V mIm

p cos(  i )  cos(  i ) cos 2t  sin(  i )sin 2t
2 2 2
p  P  P cos 2t  Q sin 2t
VmIm
P cos(  i ) average (real) power  power transformed 
2
VmIm
Q sin(  i ) reactive power
2
1 to T
P  pdt
T ot

13 Power for Purely Resistive Circuit
  i
VmIm V mIm V mIm
2 2 2
V I V I
p  m m cos(  i )  m m cos(  i ) cos 2t
2 2
p  P  P cos 2t
  i
p  P  P cos 2t
VmIm
P cos(  i )
2
P  watt, kW, MW
14 Power for Purely Inductive Circuit
  i  90
VmIm VmIm V mIm
2 2 2
V I
p   m m sin(  i )sin 2t
2
p   Q sin 2t
  i  90
p   Q sin 2t
VmIm
Q sin(  i )
2
Q  var, kvar, Mvar
15 Power for Purely Capacitive Circuit
  i  90
V I V I V I
p  m m cos(  i )  m m cos(  i ) cos 2t  m m sin(  i )sin 2t
2 2 2
VmIm
p sin(  i )sin 2t
2
p  Q sin 2t
  i  90
p  Q sin 2t
VmIm
Q  sin(  i )
2
Q  var, kvar, Mvar
16 The Power Factor
  i  power factor angle
cos(  i )  power factor
pf  cos(  i )
rf  sin(  i )
cos(  i )  cos(i   )
inductive load has a lagging power factor
capacitive load has a leading power factor
17 The rms Value & Power Calculation
t T
1 m IVmm2 cos 2 (t   )
V o
PP  cos(  i )dt

T t2 R o
Vm t ITm 
P
P  1 1 cos( 2   i )
 2  2V m cos (t   )dt 
2
o
R T t 
P V2 eff I eff cos(  i )
o
V rms 100 V rms  and 100 V dc 

QV
P
R eff I eff sin(  i ) deliver same power
i  I m cos(t  i )
P I R 2
rms
18 Example 4
a) A sinusoidal voltage having a maximum amplitude of 625 V is applied to the
terminals of a 50 Ω resistor. Find the average power delivered to the resistor.
b) Repeat (a) by first finding the current in the resistor
625 625
V rms   441.94 V I m   12.5 A
2 50
12.5
 
2
V rms 625 2
2 I rms   8.84 A
P  2
 
2
R 50 P  I rms R  12.5 2 50
2
P  3900.25 W
P  3900.25 W
19
Complex Power
S  P  jQP  S S  P  jQ
    i  power factor angle
Q V m I m 2  sin   i 
tan   
P V m I m 2  cos   i 
P   S  Q  S 
Q
 tan   i  S  P 2 Q 2
P
Q  S 
20 Example 5
An  S cos
P electric operates atQ
load 240V S
rms.
sin  load absorbs an average power of 8 kW
The
at 0.8 lagging power factor.

a)  cos 1 (0.8)
Calculate the complex power of the load
 36.87
b) Calculate the impedance of the load
P 8
S    10 kVA
cos  0.8
Q  10 sin   10  0.6  6 kVAR
S  8  j 6 kVA
P V eff I eff cos 
8000  240  I eff  0.8
I eff  41.67 36.87 A
V eff 240
Z    5.76
I eff 41.67
Z  5.76 36.87  4.608  j 3.456 
21 Balanced Three-Phase Voltages
positive phase sequence
abc sequence
V a V m 0
V a V VVb 
c

V b V m 120 V m 240
V 0
240 V 120
m
c m
a      0
negative phase sequence
b
acb sequence c
V a V m 0
V c V m 120 V m 240
V b V m 240 V m 120
22 Three-Phase Voltage Sources
Source Load
Y Y
Y ∆
∆ Y
∆ ∆
23 Analysis of the Wye-Wye Circuit
V a 'n V N V a 'n
Va’nZ = ZVb’n
I aA 
Z
= VZc’n

A 1a ga 
Z
II  I
V=Z V =Z V
bB
o Z
ga
Z aA 
gbI gc
Z  ZbB
 I
Z cC
b 'n N b 'n
1a
V
=Z 1b
V
=Z 1cV
B 1b gb 
  c 'n c 'n
N
I cC
Z =Z
Z A Z B =Z
Z C Z C 1c gc 
VN V N V a'n V N V b 'n V N V c 'n

   0
Z 0 Z A  Z 1a  Z ga Z B  Z 1b  Z gb Z C  Z 1c  Z gc
Z   Z A  Z 1a  Z ga  Z B  Z 1b  Z gb  Z C  Z 1c  Z gc
 1 3  V a'n V b 'n V c 'n
VN    0  VN  0
Z Z  Z
 0  

24 Example 6
A balanced three-phase Y-connected generator with positive sequence has an
impedance of 0.2+j0.5 Ω/Φ and an internal voltage of 120 V/Φ. The generator
feeds a balanced three-phase Y-connected load having an impedance of 39+j28
Ω/Φ. The impedance of the line connecting the generator to the load is 0.8+j1.5
Ω/Φ. The a-phase 120 internal
0 voltage of the120 generator
0 is specified as the reference

Iphasor.   2.4 36.87 A
(0.2  0.8  39)  j (0.5  1.5  28) 40  j 30
aA
a) Construct the a-phase equivalent circuit of the system

I aA  2.4 36.87 I bB  2.4 156.87 I  2.4 83.13
b) Calculate the three line currents IaA, IbB, cC
and IcC
_____________________________________________________
c) Calculate the three phase voltages at the load, VAN, VBN, and VCN
_
Vd)AN  (39  j 28)(2.4
Calculate the linevoltages
36.87 ) , 115.22
VAB, VBC
, 1.19
and VV CA at the terminals of the load
Ve)BN Calculate
115.22 the
121.19
phase voltages  115.22
V CN at 118.81 terminals, Van, Vbn, and Vcn
the generator
f) Calculate the line voltages
___________________ at the generator terminals, Vab, Vbc, and Vca
___________________________________
V AB  ( 3 30 )V AN  199.59 28.81 V
V BC  199.59 91.19 V CA  199.59 148.81
______________________________________________________
V an  120  (0.2  j 0.5)(2.4 36.87 )  118.9  j 0.67  118.9 0.32
V bn  118.9 120.32 V cn  118.9 119.68
______________________________________________________
V ab  ( 3 30 )V an  205.94 29.68 V
V bc  205.94 90.32 V ca  205.94 149.68
25
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Review of AC Circuits IE

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1

Assad Abu-Jasser, PhD

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser - EE Department - IUGaza

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser - EE Department - IUGaza

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser - EE Department - IUGaza

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser - EE Department - IUGaza

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser - EE Department - IUGaza

Z L  j  L  j 5000(32 103 ) Z ab  90  j 160  j 40

VmIm V mIm V mIm

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser - EE Department - IUGaza

PP  cos(  i )dt

V rms 100 V rms  and 100 V dc 

VN V N V a'n V N V b 'n V N V c 'n

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser - EE Department - IUGaza

a) Construct the a-phase equivalent circuit of the system

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