Topic 7 - Wastewater Treatment Operations

Lecture 7 – Wastewater Treatment
Operations
Chapter 6
Spring 2012
Need for Treatment of Wastewater
 Surface water and groundwater is polluted from

many point and nonpoint sources
 The types of pollution are
 Oxygen demanding waste
 Nutrients
 Other types
 There is a need for technology to address the
pollution
4/5/2019 Wastewater Treatment Operations 2

Wastewater Treatment
NEED PURPOSE
 Protection is better than cure  The purpose of wastewater

 Comprehensive approach is treatment is to:
needed
 Elimination of pollutant  Reduce the level of
sources pollutants to a reasonable
 Phosphate based
level for disposal in the
detergent
 Use of environment
ecosystem to adjust
friendly materials  Regulation
 Reduce use of chemicals
 Types of disposal is
 If polluted, water is to be
treated before disposal critical
onto surface water/  Reuse of treated
groundwater
wastewater
Wastewater Collection
 Sanitary sewer
 Pipes carrying water from municipality/domestic locations
 Partly flowing and full flowing
 Storm sewer and drainage system
 Collect and carry storm water to a treatment plant/disposal site
 Inflow
 Stormwater that seeps into a sanitary sewer from manhole and broken
line
 Infiltration
 Groundwater entering a sanitary sewer through cracks
 Combined sewers
 Municipal/domestic wastewater + stormwater
 Municipal with industrial wastewater
Wastewater Characteristics
 Wastewater characteristics depends on the type of use
 Drinking
 Washing
 Household activities
 Industries
 Agriculture
 Commercial activities
 Estimated flow rate is very critical to designing a wastewater
treatment system
 Depends upon the consumers (residential) or the production
capacity (industries)

Types of Pollutants

Characteristics of Wastewater and Their Sources

Characteristics of Wastewater and Their Sources

Typical Composition of Domestic Wastewater

Industrial Wastewater

Wastewater Generation
The rate may

change between
locations, water
supply sources,
cost etc.

Treatment Stages
 Preliminary treatment
 Treatment process to remove large sized objects, grits
and particles
 Primary treatment
 Settling of suspended particles
 Secondary treatment
 Treatment of these pretreated wastewater to achieve the
target of priority pollutants

 Advanced treatment
 Treatment designed to address specific contaminants
 Sludge treatment
 Disinfection
Treatment Scheme

Pretreatment Regulations for Industrial
Wastewater Discharge
 Industrial wastes can be damaging to municipal
wastewater treatment plant
 Corrosive chemicals
 Toxic compounds that could harm biological treatment
 The environmental protection agency will normally
do the following
 Regulate industrial discharge that can harm treatment
plant processes
 Prevent introduction of pollutants that will pass through
treatment plant untreated
 Mandate reduction and recycling

Decentralized/On-site Treatment
 On-site disposal systems
are often used in many
parts of the world
 It is used as a low cost
option for least developed
countries
 Lack of money for
centralized treatment
 For other countries it
provides an alternate
solutions to many isolated
communities
Septic Tanks

Preliminary Treatment
 Purpose
 Limited reduction in BOD and SS
 To condition flow for more successful
operations downstream
 Bar Racks
 Grit Chambers
 Comminutors (Grinders)
 Flow Equalization

Bar Racks
 Designed to remove objects that can damage

pumps, valves and other equipment
 Debris include rags, logs, money, jewelry
 Typically include mechanical cleaning
 Accumulated refuse transferred to landfill

Grit Chambers
 Inert, dense materials must be removed

 Sand, glass, silt, pebbles
 If not removed:
 They cause abrasion to mechanical devices
 Will settle within the treatment plant (clogging and
capacity reduction)
 Two types:
 Velocity controlled (simple settlement)
 Aerated grit chamber

Grit Chambers
Aerated grit
chamber
Mechanical grit
chamber

Example: Grit Chambers

Comminutors (Grinders)
 May be used in place of bar racks

 Typically installed downstream of
grit chambers

Flow Equalization
 Used to dampen
variations in treatment
flow rate to allow for
constant treatment
rate
 Improves biological
treatment efficiency
 Unit operations sized
for “average flow”

Primary Treatment
 Its objective is to remove

 60% SS
 30% BOD
 Settling tank – primary clarifier
 Key consideration
 Even distribution of incoming flow
 Quiet zone
 Gradual sludge scraping mechanism

Primary Clarifier

Primary Clarifier

Scum Removal

Primary Treatment Clarifier
 Hydraulic detention time is typically 1.5 to 2.5

hours
 Typical overflow rate, v0 is 25-60 m3/d/m2
 Rectangular basins
 Length: 15 to 100 m
 Length to width ratio: 3:1 to 5:1
 Depth: 2 to 5 m
 v0 = Q/As
 Q = flow rate through clarifier, m3/d
 As: cross-sectional area (top view) of clarifier, m2
 v0: overflow rate, m/d

Example
 For a wastewater flow of 1.2 m3/s and two 35 m

diameter primary clarifiers:
 what is the effective overflow rate? (Is it within the
suggested guidelines?)
 If the clarifier is 3.2 m deep
 what is the hydraulic detention time?
 If the inflow BOD is 250 mg/L and the removal
efficiency is 35%
 how much BOD (kg/day) is removed by the entire
system?

Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF)
 Commonly used
worldwide
 Pressurized air
bubbles are
injected and
suspended particles
float on the surface
and collected
thereafter

Secondary Treatment
 Purpose is to remove soluble BOD and SS that remains

after primary treatment
 Key approach is to accomplish through biological activity
 Ingredient for aerobic biological treatment
 Availability of microorganisms
 Good contact between organism and food
 Oxygen availability
 Favorable conditions: temperature and pH
 Common processes: Activated sludge (AS), Trickling

filters (TF), oxidation ponds, rotating biological contactors
(RBC)
Biological Waste Treatment
 Biological wastewater treatment introduces contact

with bacteria (cells), which feed on the organic
materials, thereby reducing its BOD content
 Additional supply of oxygen is required for aerobic
processes
 Biological treatment methods are very popular
 It reduces the generation of waste
 Environment friendly method
 Good understanding of the microbiological
processes are needed
Types of Oxidation
 Aerobic: in the presence of dissolved oxygen – free

oxygen
 Anoxic: in the absence of free oxygen; may contain
oxygen in the form of nitrates/sulphates etc.
 Anaerobic: in the absence of oxygen
 Type of oxidation occurring depends on the type of
microorganism present

Microbial Growth
Microbial cells reproduce by binary fission: 1→2 →4→ 8→16→32
P = P0(2)n P = bacteria population after nth generation

P0= initial bacterial population

Bacterial Growth
No
available
food
Use of
own cell
as food
Abundant
food
Excess
available
food
Acclimatization
period

Types of Secondary Treatment
Suspended Growth Fixed Growth
Microbes live in solution Microbes live attached to media( e.g.
plastic, rocks)
Microbes consume substrate Microbes consume substrate
Oxygen in required Oxygen in required
- aeration of liquid - thin film of water improves
natural aeration
- blowers can increase
oxygen transfer
e.g. Activated sludge process e.g. Trickling filters

Activated Sludge Treatment Plant

Activated Sludge Process
 Accommodate
bacteria to consume
the organics
 Suspended growth
type
 Agitate (mix) and
aerate the mixture
 Name derived from
the biological mass
(sludge) formed
when the
wastewater –
bacteria mixture is
activated
Aeration Tank
Mixed Liquor - the mixture of activated sludge and wastewater in the
aeration tank

Suspended Growth Reactor – No Recycle
 No internal recycling
 Poor control of microbial population
 Slow rate of substrate (food) utilization
 Long detention time required
 Require large tank
 Seldom used in large treatment systems
 Aerated lagoons in rural areas may have this method
In
Out
Reactor Clarifier

Suspended Growth Reactor – No Recycle
 No solids recycle
 Volume is completely mixed
Mean cell retention time (MCRT), θc
 Also called the detention time or sludge
age
 It is the average time a cell spends in the
reactor
 For “no-recycle” condition,
 MCRT = hydraulic detention time

Suspended Growth Reactor – With Recycle

Suspended Growth Reactor – With Recycle

Activated Sludge Terms
 MLSS: mixed liquor suspended solids

 MLVSS: mixed liquor volatile suspended solids
 F/M ratio: food-to-microorganisms ratio
 Difficult to measure food and microorganisms
 Use BOD as an approximation for food
 Use MLSS as an approximation for microbes
 Extended aeration: low F/M ratio
 Good treatment, little excess sludge production
 High rate aeration: high F/M ratio
 Lower efficiency, but smaller tanks required

F/M Ratio and c
F/M = QS0/VX
 Units are mg BOD5/d/mg MLVSS
 Control F/M ratio by rate of sludge wasting
 Waste more sludge = lower MLVSS
 High sludge waste rate (short c)=high F/M ratio
 High F/M ratio means organisms saturated with
food
 Low F/M ratio (long c) means organisms are
starved, waste degraded more completely
 Typical F/M range: 0.1 to 1 mg/mg.d
Design and Control of Activated Sludge Process
 Long θc means  Objective – reduce BOD

 Larger aeration basin  Design
 Less waste sludge  Reactor volume, V
 Higher degree of  Sludge recirculation rate
treatment (typical: 20-30% of
wastewater flow), Qr
 Nutrient addition may be  Aeration rate (typical: 8m3
needed air per 1 m3 of wastewater
 Happy bug – BOD5:N:P = treated)
100:5:1  Secondary clarifier
performance (amount of
 Accumulation of metals MLVSS settled vs. in
is common in sludge, effluent)
thus it can be toxic (as  Operational consideration:
well as pathogenic) adjust F:M ratio

Activated Sludge Process: Design Equations
 Hydraulic detection time:  Conc. of microbes in aeration
tank:
 Mean cell residence time:

kd = decay rate of microbes, d-1
Y=yield coefficient, fraction of
 Concentration of BOD in food converted to biomass
effluent
mm = max growth rate const, d-1

Ks= soluble BOD5 conc., at ½
max growth rate

Example: Activated Sludge Process
 A 0.25 m3/s WWTP must meet 30 mg/L BOD5 and

25 mg/L SS standard. Assume that the BOD5 of
primary clarifier is 115 mg/L, SS is 65% BOD5 and
that MLVSS = 2500 mg/L.
 What is “S”?
 What is the θc ?
 What aeration basin volume is required?
 If the return sludge has a MLVSS = 6000 mg/L, what is
Qw?

Sludge Return
 The amount of sludge return depend on the performance of
secondary clarifier
 Sludge volume index (SVI): 1L sludge settle for 30 minutes,
record volume of sludge. Filter, dry and weigh sample to find
MLSS
 For a MLSS of 2000-3500 mg/L, SVI ranges from 80-150
mL/g.
SV
SVI  1000mg / g
MLSS

Sludge Production
 Substrate utilization: converting BOD into cell material
 0.40 to 0.60 kg MLVSS/kg BOD5 removed
 Amount of activated sludge produced each day also depends
on rate of cell death
Yobs = observed yield, kg MLVSS/kg BOD5 removed

kd = decay rate of microorganisms, d-1
c = mean cell residence time
Px =net waste activated sludge produced each day (VSS, kg/d)
S, S0 in terms of g/m3, which is the same as mg/L

Example: Sludge Production
 A WWTP treats 0.15 m3/s with a primary clarifier BOD5
effluent of 84 mg/L and secondary clarifier BOD5 effluent of
11.1 mg/L. The sludge age is 5 days.
 For the typical kinetics parameters provided below, what
is the daily mass of sludge produced?

Oxygen Demand
 To prevent anaerobic conditions, must maintain 0.5 to 2
mg/L DO
 For each m3 of wastewater, about 8 m3 of air is provided
 Maximum energy used in a WWTP is due to oxygen
requirements
 To compute exact oxygen demand:
f = conversion factor converting BOD5 to ultimate BOD (e.g.,

BOD5 represents 65% of ultimate BOD, f=0.65)
Px = waste activated sludge produced each day (kg/d)

Method of Oxygen Supply
 Use of coarse or fine bubble diffusers

 Fine bubbles = greater surface area for higher
oxygen transfer rate
Arrangement of diffusers Individual diffuser Aeration of wastewater

Example: Oxygen Demand
 For the following given data, determine the daily

mass of oxygen required in the aeration basin. If the
oxygen transfer efficiency is 8% and the air is
23.2% oxygen by mass, what is the volume of air
required? Assume density of air to be 1.185 kg/m3
and BOD5 is 68% of the ultimate BOD.
Data: Q = 0.15 m3/s, S0 = 84 g/m3, S = 11.1 g/m3, Px =

378 kg/d of VSS

Trickling Filter
 Fixed growth type
 Bugs grow on media surface, such as stones, porous
plastics
 There is no actual filtration
 Slime grown on the media “sloughs” off
 Limitations
 High organic loads – slime growth clogs media
voids
 Oxygen in media voids can be low
 Cold weather can reduce filter efficiency

Trickling Filter

Trickling Filter: Design Parameters
 Media type
2 3
 Rock media: 40-60 m surface area per m volume
2 3
 Synthetic media 90m surface per m volume
 lighter, increased void ratios & improve air circulation
 Filter volume and shape

 Rate of BOD removal a function of concentration
 Hydraulic loading rate

 Minimum wetting rate, 25-60 m/d
 Organic loading
 Strength of waste: some control of recirculation
 Recirculation ratio, r
Waste Stabilization Pond
 A pond or lagoon used to
treat wastewater
 Also known as oxidation
pond
 Types
 Aerobic; Anaerobic
Facultative
 Applicable for places
where land is available
 Lower design and technical
than those previously
discussed

Wastewater Disinfection
 Chlorine gas most
commonly used
 UV, ozone and other
nonconventional treatments
are also used
 Approach to disinfection is
similar to drinking water
 Concern is ecology
 DBP formation

Until Now??
 Preliminary Treatment  Still remaining

 No major contaminant removal is  Nitrogen
considered  Phosphorus
 Primary Treatment  Oxidized NOM or DBP
 60% removal of solids
 Pharmaceutical products
 30% removal of BOD
 Solids
 20% phosphorus
 Synthetic organic
 Secondary Treatment compounds
 90% of the remaining BOD  Heavy metals
 Disinfection for pathogen control  Others

Treatment for Nitrogen
 Process called Nitrification – Denitrification
 Nitrification – Aerobic condition
 Denitrification – Anoxic condition
 Ammonia stripping
NH4+ + OH- NH3 + H2O

Treatment for Phosphorus
 Phosphorus is present mostly as orthophosphates
 Most other forms of phosphorus are transformed to orthophosphates
by microbes
 Physical-Chemical method
 Precipitation of phosphorus (Coagulation-flocculation by adding
alum or ferric compounds and sedimentation)
 Adsorption
 Biological method
 Microbes are stressed by anaerobic condition
 Once oxygen is provided, microbes use phosphorus

Wastewater Treatment Sludge
 Suspended and biological
solids
 Chemical precipitate
 % Solids
 Primary treatment: 0.25-0.35%
 Secondary treatment: 1.5-2%
 Chemicals precipitate: 1%
 Importance
 Regulation
 Expensive

Sludge Treatment Objectives
 Reduce sludge volume

 Decrease water content of sludge
 Remove toxic compounds (such as heavy metals)
 Neutralize pathogens
 Guiding factors
 Minimize cost
 Prevent odors
 Attempt to find productive use for sludge

Sludge Treatment Approach

Sludge Treatment - Thickening
 Remove water before final dewatering or digestion to
reduce volume (and weight) to be disposed of
 Chemicals (polymers) may be added to aid thickening
 Most used - gravity thickening, dissolved air flotation,
gravity belt thickening and rotary drum thickening
 Reduce water content from 0.3% to 2 % (depending on
process)

Sludge Treatment – Stabilization (digestion)
 Purpose: break down organics in sludge to make it

less odorous and putrescible
 Closed tanks devoid of oxygen: anaerobic digestion
 Aerobic Digestion
 A continuous activated sludge process
 Microbes are taking up substrate
 Some of the substrate runs low, microbes enter endogenous
respiration; this reduces organic content even more
 Supernatant recycled to head end of plant

Anaerobic Digestion of Sludge
 Multi-stage, simultaneous (not sequential) process

 Accomplished by facultative and anaerobic bacteria
 BOD is not yet removed..only conversion at this point
Hydrolysis Acidogenesis Acetogenesis Methanogenesis

Anaerobic Sludge Digestion
 Acid fermentation – fast
 Methane fermentation-slow
 Increasing temperature
increases digestion
 30-60 days retention for
heated digester
 Organic loading rate: 0.48 to
1.6 kg volatile solids per m3
 Only about 1/3 of reactor
volume is active
 Used at smaller sized plants
Sludge Disposal
 Landfill
 Incineration
 Composting
 Land
application
 Surface
water
disposal

Video of Wastewater Treatment Plant
http://vimeo.com/1973831

Chapter Review
 Wastewater characteristics
 Wastewater generation
 Wastewater treatment
 Preliminary
 Primary
 Secondary
 Tertiary
 Non conventional treatment of wastewater
 Sludge management
 Sludge treatment
 Disposal

Topic 7 - Wastewater Treatment Operations

Transféré par

Informations du document

Titre original

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Topic 7 - Wastewater Treatment Operations

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Lecture 7 – Wastewater Treatment

 Surface water and groundwater is polluted from

4/5/2019 Wastewater Treatment Operations 2

 Protection is better than cure  The purpose of wastewater

4/5/2019 Wastewater Treatment Operations 5

4/5/2019 Wastewater Treatment Operations 6

4/5/2019 Wastewater Treatment Operations 7

4/5/2019 Wastewater Treatment Operations 8

4/5/2019 Wastewater Treatment Operations 9

4/5/2019 Wastewater Treatment Operations 10

The rate may

4/5/2019 Wastewater Treatment Operations 11

target of priority pollutants

4/5/2019 Wastewater Treatment Operations 13

4/5/2019 Wastewater Treatment Operations 14

4/5/2019 Wastewater Treatment Operations 16

4/5/2019 Wastewater Treatment Operations 17

 Designed to remove objects that can damage

4/5/2019 Wastewater Treatment Operations 18

 Inert, dense materials must be removed

4/5/2019 Wastewater Treatment Operations 19

4/5/2019 Wastewater Treatment Operations 20

4/5/2019 Wastewater Treatment Operations 21

 May be used in place of bar racks

4/5/2019 Wastewater Treatment Operations 22

4/5/2019 Wastewater Treatment Operations 23

 Its objective is to remove

4/5/2019 Wastewater Treatment Operations 24

4/5/2019 Wastewater Treatment Operations 25

4/5/2019 Wastewater Treatment Operations 26

4/5/2019 Wastewater Treatment Operations 27

 Hydraulic detention time is typically 1.5 to 2.5

4/5/2019 Wastewater Treatment Operations 28

 For a wastewater flow of 1.2 m3/s and two 35 m

4/5/2019 Wastewater Treatment Operations 29

4/5/2019 Wastewater Treatment Operations 30

 Purpose is to remove soluble BOD and SS that remains

 Good contact between organism and food

 Favorable conditions: temperature and pH

 Common processes: Activated sludge (AS), Trickling

 Biological wastewater treatment introduces contact

 Aerobic: in the presence of dissolved oxygen – free

4/5/2019 Wastewater Treatment Operations 33

P = P0(2)n P = bacteria population after nth generation

4/5/2019 Wastewater Treatment Operations 34

4/5/2019 Wastewater Treatment Operations 35

4/5/2019 Wastewater Treatment Operations 36

4/5/2019 Wastewater Treatment Operations 37

4/5/2019 Wastewater Treatment Operations 39

4/5/2019 Wastewater Treatment Operations 40

4/5/2019 Wastewater Treatment Operations 41

4/5/2019 Wastewater Treatment Operations 42

4/5/2019 Wastewater Treatment Operations 43

 MLSS: mixed liquor suspended solids

4/5/2019 Wastewater Treatment Operations 44

 Long θc means  Objective – reduce BOD

4/5/2019 Wastewater Treatment Operations 46

 Mean cell residence time:

mm = max growth rate const, d-1

4/5/2019 Wastewater Treatment Operations 47

 A 0.25 m3/s WWTP must meet 30 mg/L BOD5 and

4/5/2019 Wastewater Treatment Operations 48

4/5/2019 Wastewater Treatment Operations 49