Topic 8 –Solid and Hazardous Waste

Management

Spring 2012

Dr. Kazi Parvez Fattah

 Solid Waste

 It describes the things we throw away

 Commonly include garbage, refuse and trash
 USEPA defines it as any discarded item

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 Generation of Solid Waste
 Primary source is the production of commodities and
byproducts from solid materials
 Secondary source is the natural cycle of plant growth and decay
 Majority of the solid waste are generated in the household

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 Production of Solid Waste

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 Characteristics of Solid Waste

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 Characteristics of Solid Waste

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 Materials in Municipal Solid Waste

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 Solid Waste Management
 Objective
 Remove discarded materials
 To prevent spread of diseases
 To minimize likelihood of fires
 Reduce aesthetics insults arising organic matter
 Dispose the discarded materials in a environmentally responsible
manner
 Solid waste management must be made in four stages
 Collection
 Transport
 Processing
 Disposal
 All these should be considered in developing SWM policy
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 SWM Decision Alternatives

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 Integrated Solid Waste Management

 Combination of techniques,
technologies and management programs
northshorecity.govt.nz
to achieve waste management objective
 Proposed hierarchy
 Avoid
 Source reduction
 Reuse
The
3  Recycling
R’s
 Recover – material, energy, composting
 Disposal

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 Collection Methods
• Back Yard - convenient but
expensive
• Set out/ Set back
• Curbside - inconvenient but
cheap

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 Waste Collection System Design

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Spring 2011 Topic 8 –Solid and Hazardous Waste Management 13
 Typical Properties of Uncompacted Solid Waste

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 Relation Between Haul Distance and Speed

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 Example 9-1
 City officials of Watapitae, Mi are looking for sizes of truck
to purchase for solid waste collection. The compactor trucks
from a local supplier are rated to achieve a density (DT) of
400 kg/m3 and a dump time of 6 min. In order to ensure
weekly pickup, the trucks must service 250 locations/day.
The disposal site is 6.4 km away from the collection route. A
delay time of 13 min. can be expected. Typical data for the
city is given in a table. Each stop typically has three cans
containing 4 kg each. About 10% of the stops are
backyard pickups. Assume that two trips per day will be
made to the disposal site and crew size is two. The values of
a and b are 0.18 and 0.014 respectively and the mean time
between collection stops is 0.72 min.
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 Truck Routing

 It is setting up the routes for

waste collection
 Typically four different ways
to routing
 Daily routing method
 Large route method
 Single load method
 Definite working day method

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 Truck Routing - Daily Route Method
 Advantages
 Homeowners knows the schedule

 Route size can be adjusted

 It provides incentive to get done early

 Disadvantages
 Crew may need to work overtime (work has to finish)

 Crew may be careless because want to finish early

 The ability of workers may be underutilized

 A breakdown affects the operation

 It is difficult when the loads vary significantly (e.g. yard

waste)

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 Truck Routing - Large Route Method

 The crew has enough work for one week

 Advantages
 It is good for backyard pickup
 The same as the previous method
 The same disadvantages as previous also applies for
this method
 Residents do not know when the pickups will be

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 Truck Routing - Single Load Method
 Routes are planned to get a full truck load
 It must consider size of crew, capacity of truck, length of
travel, refuse generated
 Advantages
 Minimize travel time

 Maximum utilization of the crew and equipment

 Can be used for any type of pickup

 Disadvantage
 It is hard to predict the number of homes that can be

serviced

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 Truck Routing - Definite Working Day Method

 The crew works for the assigned number of hours

and quits
 It is common in places where unions are strong
 Advantages – crew and equipment get maximum
utilization
 Disadvantages – regularity is sacrificed and
residents will have little idea when the pickup will
be

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 Consideration For Route Selection
 It should not be fragmented or overlapped
 Total time should be reasonably constant
 The collection route should start as close to the garage as
possible
 Avoid heavily traveled streets in rush hours
 For one-way street, start near the upper end
 Higher elevation should be at the start
 Route with many clockwise turns around blocks
 For collection on both sides of the street, route with long and
straight paths
 For unusual block, use unusual routing patterns (suitable)
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 Transfer and Transport

 The functional elements refers to

 Means
 Facilities
 Used
 to transfer wastes from relatively small collection
vehicles to large one
 Transport to
 Processing centers
 Disposal sites

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 Transfer Station

 A special facility constructed to permit the

exchange solid waste to large vehicles
 Factors that are considered for design
 Type of transfer operation
 Capacity requirement
 Equipment and accessory requirement
 Environmental requirements

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 Types of Transfer Stations

 Direct discharge
 Solid waste is discharged
directly into other vehicle
 Storage discharge
 Waste are emptied on a pit
or platform and collected
by other vehicle
 Combined direct and
storage discharge
 It is used to service broader
range of users
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 Location of Transfer Station

 Requirements
 As near as possible to the
weighted center of the area
 Within easy access of
major arterial highway
routes
 There’ll be minimum
public and environmental
objection
 Construction and operation
would be most economical

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 Processing of Solid Waste

 These techniques are used to

 Improve the efficiency of
disposal system
 Recover resources
 Prepare materials for the
recovery of conversion
products and energy
 Most common methods are
 Mechanical volume reduction

 Thermal volume reduction

 Manual component separation

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 Disposal in Landfill
 Landfill is a land disposal site employing an
“engineered” method of disposing solid waste
 Site selection is very important for appropriate
application of the site
 Several considerations should be taken

 Not in my back yard (NIMBY)

 Site preparation
 Grading the site area

 Constructing access roads and fences

 Installing signs, utilities and operating facilities

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 Considerations for Landfill Site Selection
 Public opposition
 Proximity of major roadways
 Speed limits
 Load limits on roadways
 Bridge capacities
 Underpass limitations
 Traffic patterns and congestion
 Haul distance (in time)
 Availability of cover material
 Zoning requirements
 Historic or environmental factors
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 Design of a Landfill

 Area method
 Waste is deposited
on the surface,
compacted, then
covered with a layer
of compacted soil
 The cover may
come from on or off
site

Topic 8 –Solid and Hazardous

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 Operation Method

 Trench method
 It is used on level
or gently sloping
land
 A trench is
excavated, solid
waste is placed in
it, compacted and
the soil that was
taken out before is
used as a cover

Topic 8 –Solid and Hazardous

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 Sectional View Through Landfill

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 Environmental Considerations
 Landfill gases
 Methane and carbon dioxide is the most common
 Others include N2, sulfides, NH3, H2, CO
 Leachate – liquid that passes through the landfill
 Quantity
 Hydrological mass balance is critical
 Flow path
 Modeling the particle flow
 Composition
 Microbial decomposition indicates the types of
contaminants present
 Presence of nutrients
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 Composition of Leachate

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 Liner Selection
 Needed to prevent groundwater contamination
 Liner system
 Synthetic membrane (geomembrane) at least 0.76 mm thick
 Compacted soil liner for membrane support; at least 0.6m
thick

Types of geomembranes
• Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
• High density polyethylene
(HDPE)

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 Incineration of Solid Waste

 Combustion of the solid waste

 Carbon, hydrogen, sulfur and nitrogen oxidized
 Combustion reactions are a function of
 Oxygen, time, temperature and turbulence
 To achieve destruction of all combustible material it
is necessary to achieve 700C throughout the bed of
waste and ash
 Generation of gases and particulates have to be
“scrapped” – air pollution control measure - before
release to atmosphere
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 Conventional Incinerator

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 Waste to Energy
 Utilization of organic fraction of solid waste for fuel and
reducing the volume is an integral part of integrated waste
management
 Power plants have been designed as waste-to-energy
facilities
 Energy through combustion process

 Trash volume can be reduced by 90% and weight by 75%

 Refuse-derived fuel is the combustible portion of solid waste
that has been separated from the noncombustible portion
 Refuse derived fuel containing 12 to 16 MJ/kg can be
produced from 55%-85% of the refuse

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 Recycling of Solid Waste

 Many of the solid waste

components can be
recycled and reused
 Many metals are separated
and reused afterwards
 Papers are a big portion in
the solid waste
 Can be reused

 It is also done at source

 It is important to ensure
less generation of waste
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 Composting of Solid Waste

 It is a humus like material that results

from aerobic biological stabilization
of organic waste
 Can be mixed with wastewater
sludge
 Use as a soil conditioner
 Improve soil structure

 Increase moisture holding capacity

 Reduce leaching of soluble

nitrogen
 Increase the buffer capacity of soil

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 Leachate Generation
 The quantity may be calculated based in hydrologic mass
balance for the landfill
 Hydrologic conditions to consider
 Precipitation
 Surface runoff
 Evaporation
 Transpiration (when the landfill cover is completed)
 Infiltration
 Storage
 Until the landfill becomes saturated, some of the water will
be stored in both the cover material and the waste

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 Leachate Generation….contd.
 Field Capacity (FC) – the quantity of water that can be held
against the pull of gravity
 Leachate will be produced after the landfill has reached its
field capacity

Where,
FC = field capacity – fraction of water in the waste based on dry weight of
the waste
W = overburden mass of waste calculates at mid-height of the lift in
question, kg
 HELP – Hydrologic Evaluation of Landfill Performance
 Developed by USEPA and US Army Corp Engineers

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 Gas Production in Landfill

 Similar reaction occurring as with anaerobic

bioreactor

 Rapidly decomposable = C68H111O50N

 Slowly decomposable = C20H29O9N
 Actual gas production rates from typical MSW
landfills ranges from 40 to 400 m3/Mg of MSW

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 Volume of Landfill
 Need to know
 Amount of refuse being produced

 Density of the in-place, compacted refuse

𝑃𝐸𝐶
𝑉𝐿𝐹 =
𝐷𝑐

VLF = volume of landfill, m3

P = Population
E = ratio of cover (soil) to compacted fill = (Vsw + Vc)/Vsw
Vsw = volume of solid waste, m3
Vc = volume of cover, m3
C = Average mass of solid waste collected per capita per year,
kg/person
Dc = density of compacted fill, kg/ m3
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 Landfill Design

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 Review of topic

 Solid waste types, generation and characteristics

 Integrated solid waste management
 Waste collection methods and system design
 Truck routing for waste collection
 Transfer stations
 Landfill disposal, considerations and design
 Leachate and gas generation from waste
 Material recovery from waste

Spring 2011 Topic 8 –Solid and Hazardous Waste Management 46