Vous êtes sur la page 1sur 27

Métodos de Recobro Mejorado de

Petróleo
Eider Niz Velásquez
© 2018
TRANSFERENCIA DE CALOR EN
SISTEMAS TÉRMICOS
Contenido
• Conducción
• Convección
• Radiación
• Pérdidas de calor típicas en inyección de vapor
• Pérdidas de calor en un generador de vapor
• Pérdidas de calor en tubería de superficie
• Pérdidas de calor en el pozo
Conduction

• Conduction is governed by Fourier’s Law:



Q = - kT T
Where

Q = heat transfer rate per unit area, Btu/day-ft2 or W/m2
kT = thermal conductivity, Btu/ft-°F-day or W/m-K
T = the vector thermal gradient

Conduction is the primary mechanism by which energy is transferred


from the steam or hot water to the reservoir rock and fluids. It can
also be a significant heat loss mechanism.
“Thermal Recovery”, Johan van Dorp, 2013
Conduction (2)

• Heat transfer through static material


• Molecular transfer – high-energy molecules collide with low-
energy molecules
• Fourier’s law in one dimension: Si se conoce la variación
Q T de temperatura en el
  kT A espacio, se puede
t x calcular la tasa de
pérdida de calor
• First Law of Thermodynamics:
T    (Q / A) 
c   0
t x  t 

“Thermal Recovery”, Johan van Dorp, 2013


Conduction (3)

• Substituting gives the one-dimensional heat


conduction equation:
T  
kT  T
2
   2
t  c  x

We define the thermal diffusivity, α:

 kT 
   
 c 

“Thermal Recovery”, Johan van Dorp, 2013


Steady State Conduction Heat Losses in a
Radial System
• While conduction heat losses in the reservoir never reach steady
state, in many cases steady-state conduction is an appropriate model
– e.g., in heat transfer through tubulars. In steady-state radial
systems, Fourier’s equation gives:
dQ dT 
 2πlkT r  Q  const
dt dr

• Re-arranging: To
Q
ro
dr
 dT 
2πlkT
r
Ti ri
• Integrating from ri to ro: 
Q ro
To  Ti  ln
2πlkT ri
• Steady-state heat transfer rate:
 (To  Ti)
Q
ln (ro/ri)
“Thermal Recovery”, Johan van Dorp, 2013 2πlkT
Thermal Conductivity of Some Metals
Reference
kT, Btu/day-
Substance kT, W/m-K Temperature,
ft-°F
°C/°F
Mild steel 600 43.3 100 / 212
Stainless steel 240 17.3 100 / 212
Aluminum 2860 206.2 100 / 212
Wrought iron 790 57.0 100 / 212
Copper 5260 379.3 100 / 212

“Thermal Recovery”, Johan van Dorp, 2013


Thermal Conductivity of Some Non-Metals
Reference
kT, Btu/day-
Substance kT, W/m-K Temperature,
ft-°F
°F
Brick 2.4 – 4.8 0.17 – 0.35 68
Asbestos 3.1 0.22 800
Concrete 11 – 19 0.79 – 1.37 68
Glass wool,
packed
0.52 0.037 100
Insulating fiber
board
0.58 0.042 100
Paper 1.8 0.13 -

“Thermal Recovery”, Johan van Dorp, 2013


Thermal Conductivity of Some Reservoir
Rocks

Reference
kT, Btu/day-
Substance kT, W/m-K Temperature,
ft-°F
°F
Berea SS 21.8 1.57 200
Boise SS 19.5 1.41 200
Limestone 21.7 1.56 200
Shale 26.2 1.89 200

“Thermal Recovery”, Johan van Dorp, 2013


Convection
• Convection can be represented by the following equation:

Q= Ah ΔT Convection can be an important
Where mechanism for heat loss in surface

Q = heat transfer facilities and in the wellbore as well,
T = Temperature where the above equation is usually
h = heat transfer coefficient applied.

• In a radial system, steady-state convective heat transfer is given


by: AIR
T
 o

Q  2ri lha (To  Ti ) Ti

Where:
• h is the convective heat transfer coefficient (48,000 Btu/sqft-D-F = 11.4 kJ/m -s-K)
2

• Ti is the temperature of the surface


• To is the external temperature
“Thermal Recovery”, Johan van Dorp, 2013
Heat is also convected within the
reservoir by multi-phase fluid flow.

“Thermal Recovery”, Stanford University, 2015


Radiation
• Radiation is governed by the Stefan-Boltzmann law:

Q/A = σ e T4
• Where

Q/A = heat transfer per unit area
σ = 0.1712 x 10-8 Btu/hr-ft2°R4 = 5.67 × 10−8 W m−2 K−4
e = emissivity of a surface, evaluated at temperature T
T = temperature, in °R or K

– In surface and wellbore calculations, radiation may need to


be considered.

“Thermal Recovery”, Johan van Dorp, 2013


RADIACIÓN
La emisividad es una medida de la habilidad de una superficie de absorber
radiación. Las emisividades son adimensionales e iguales o menores a uno, y
depende de la naturaleza de la superficie. La tabla presenta emisividades
aproximadas de algunos metales:

EMISIVIDADES APROXIMADAS DE ALGUNOS METALES


METAL TEMPERATURA (ºF) EMISIVIDAD (e)
Aluminio
Oxidado 400 - 1100 0.11 - 0.19
No-Oxidado 400 - 1100 0.04 - 0.08
Hierro, Acero
Oxidado 350 - 1200 0.05 - 0.30
No-Oxidado 400 - 1100 0.75 - 0.95
Acero Inoxidable 75 - 210 0.07 - 0.30
Pulido 430 - 1600 0.50 - 0.60
Heat Losses in Thermal Projects
• Heat losses occur:
– In the reservoir (conduction to cap and base rock)
– In the wellbore (conduction through tubulars, to formation,
convection through annuli)
– At surface (distribution system – conduction through tubulars,
convection and radiation to atmosphere)
– In production stream

• Also: in order to heat the oil in the reservoir, it is


necessary to heat all the reservoir rock and connate
water; the bulk of the heat that reaches the reservoir
is used to heat the reservoir rock and over- and
under-burden.
“Thermal Recovery”, Johan van Dorp, 2013
ESQUEMA DE PÉRDIDAS DE CALOR
10% pérdidas
Gases calientes
de combustión
Gas Agua de alimento Loops de expansión

Aire
GENERADOR

5% pérdidas 5% pérdidas

15% pérdidas

20% pérdidas

Formaciones adyacentes
25% Roca
10% Petróleo
10% Agua

T≈400-500°F T≈100-200°F
EFICIENCIA TÉRMICA DEL GENERADOR DE VAPOR

La eficiencia térmica de un
generador de vapor se determina
comúnmente a partir de la entalpía
del vapor producido en relación con
la energía total utilizada para
generarlo, por lo tanto, el
conocimiento de la temperatura, el
combustible consumido, la presión
del vapor y la calidad son necesarios
para calcular la eficiencia
EFICIENCIA TÉRMICA DEL GENERADOR DE VAPOR

EJEMPLO
Calcular la eficiencia térmica de un generador de vapor dados los siguientes
datos:
Tasa de agua de alimentación : 800 B/D
Temperatura del agua de alimentación : 80 ºF
Combustible (gas) consumido : 350 MPCN/D
Valor calorífico del combustible : 960 BTU/PCN
Presión de descarga del generador : 680 Lpca
Calidad del vapor generado : 81.3 %

SOLUCIÓN: Qt  350.000( PCN / D) x960( BTU / PCN )


1.- Calor total liberado
Qt  336 x106 BTU / D
EFICIENCIA TÉRMICA DEL GENERADOR DE VAPOR
2.- Entalpía ganada por el vapor.
a.- Entalpía del vapor:
hws  487.7( BTU / lbs )  0,813x714( BTU / lbs )
hws  1068,2 BTU / lbs
b.- Entalpía del agua de alimentación, ( C  1.0 BTU / lbs º F )
w

hw  1.0( BTU / lbs  º F ) x(80  32)º F


hw  48 BTU / lbs
h  1020,2 BTU / lbs
c.- Calor ganado por el vapor.

Q  800( B / D) x350(lbs / B ) x1020,2( BTU / lbs )


Qt  285,7 x10 6 BTU / D
Métodos de recobro
EFICIENCIA TÉRMICA DEL GENERADOR DE VAPOR

3.- Eficiencia del generador

 336 x10 6  285,7 x10 6 


E  1   6

 336 x10 
E  0,85  85%

Métodos de recobro
“Thermal Recovery”, Stanford University, 2015
Heat Losses in the Surface Lines

Tubing: riT, RoT

Insulation: riins, Roins

Atmosphere

• On the surface, the heat loss is determined by the distribution system configuration
• Heat transfer will be by conduction through solids (tubulars, insulation), and usually
can be assumed to be steady-state
• Heat transfer from the outer radius of the insulation to the atmosphere will be
through free convection and radiation
• Calculations proceed in the same way as for the steady-state expressions shown
above.
“Thermal Recovery”, Johan van Dorp, 2013
CÁLCULO DE LA CALIDAD DEL VAPOR
Disponiendo de la calidad del vapor a la salida del generador, fst,gen, la tasa de
pérdidas de calor por unidad de longitud q, la tasa de flujo de vapor, w, y la
longitud de tubería, L, se puede determinar la calidad del vapor en el cabezal
del pozo, fst,wh, mediante el siguiente balance de calor:

Cantidad de calor a la Cantidad de calor en Pérdidas de calor en


salida del generador = el cabezal del pozo + líneas de superficie

El cual en términos matemáticos puede expresarse como:



 
w hw  f st , gen Lv  whw  f st ,wh Lv   q L
De donde: 
qL
f st ,wh  f st , gen 
wLv
Heat Losses in the Wellbore (1)
Heat is lost by conduction
Steam, Ts Tsurface = 70 °F
to the formation radially
through the wellbore

Initially, the controlling


temperature difference is

Depth z, Ft
the difference between Tf = Δgeo (z/100)
the steam temperature
and the geothermal
temperature at any depth
Geothermal Gradient:
Δgeo ~ 1.2 – 2.5 °F / 100 ft
The geothermal gradient is Avg: 22 °K/km
constant for a given field,
but varies from location to
location world-wide.

“Thermal Recovery”, Johan van Dorp, 2013


Heat Losses in the Wellbore (2)
At any given depth, the Tubing: riT, roT
heat loss is determined
by the wellbore
configuration Annulus: roT, riC

Heat transfer will be by Casing: riC, roC


conduction through
solids (tubulars, cement,
formation) Cement: riC, rwb

Heat transfer will be by


convection through fluid- Formation
filled annuli

Heat transfer through


the tubulars, annuli,
cement can be assumed Pasado un tiempo, el flujo de
quasi-steady state; heat calor hasta el cemento se
transfer to the formation
will always be transient. estabilizará. De allí hacia la
formación, la pérdida depende
“Thermal Recovery”, Johan van Dorp, 2013 del tiempo (decrece)
Completion Types

Injector Annulus Injector BP Producer GL Producer


to gas Not insulated Annulus to gas Annulus to gas
Main resistance to Main resistance to Main resistance to Main resistance to
heat losses: heat losses: heat losses: heat losses:
•Formation •Formation •Formation •Formation
•Cooked-off annulus •Gas filled annulus •Gas filled annulus
(gas filled)

Free Convection No Convection Free Convection Forced Convection

“Thermal Recovery”, Johan van Dorp, 2013


Calor perdido = Menor Calidad
Saturated Steam Enthalpy
3500

30 bar
20 bar

100 bar
50 bar
15 bar
10 bar

70 bar
7 bar

150 bar
5 bar
3 bar
3000

2 bar
1 bar

200 bar
Critical Point
2500 219.3 bara,
374.1 deg C
Enthalpy [kJ/kg]

2000

1500

1000 Sensible Heat


x=25%
500 x=50%
x=75%
Latent+Sensible
0
0 100 200 300 400
Temperature [deg C]

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi