Research PT

Practical Research 1
SPCB @ 73: “Building Bridges for Beautiful Tomorrows”

Subject Description
 This course aims to develop critical thinking and
problem-solving skills of students.
 It covers the following areas: Nature of Inquiry,
Qualitative Research, Identifying Inquiry and
Stating the Problem, Learning from Others and
Reviewing Literature, Understanding data, Finding
Answers, Analyzing Meaning, and Reporting Data.
What is Research?
 Research follows a step-by-step process of investigation (Polit &
Beck, 2004).
 Research plays an important role in tertiary education (Palispis,
2004).
 Research is a continuous undertaking of making known the
unknown (Sanchez, 2002).
 Research is a tested approach of thinking (Crawford, as cited by
Alcantara & Espina, 1995).

Characteristics of Research
Systematic
Objective
Feasible
Empirical
Clear
Research Paradigm
 A guide that allows a researcher to
conceptualize
 Two major areas of research are:
Research Foundations and Research
Methodology.
Research Foundation
 Research Problem
 Purpose
 Research Questions
 Conceptual Framework

Research Methodology
 Review of Literature
 Design
 Data Collection
 Methods of Analysis
 Conclusion
Quiz 1
Identify the dependent, independent, and
controlled variable in the following situations:
1. The recent winner in the lottery is deciding on
investing his fortune in a bank. According to his
financial adviser, the interest of his investment
depends on the amount he invests.
Quiz 1
2. Bakers are victimized by inflation. They
decided to lessen their use of dough thereby
making the servings smaller. It received negative
feedback from the customers.
Quiz 1
3. A new pilot decided to change his direction
midair. He changed the wing position and the
plane went to his desired direction.

Quiz 1
Identify the dependent, independent, and controlled
variable in the following situations:
4. The students of St. Ignatius are always sleeping in
their English class. The teacher decided to alter his
method of teaching while practically delivering the
same lesson. The students were awake in the
succeeding meetings.
Quiz 1
Identify the dependent, independent, and controlled
variable in the following situations:
5. It has been observed that Paulinians are always
violating school rules. The stockholders decided to
revamp its roster of administrators. Soon after, the
students were following the rules.

Quiz 1
10-11. How is being systematic manifested in
research?
12-14. Differentiate the three types of variables.
15. What is the difference between a problem and
a difficulty?

Outline of Research Paper
 There is not a singularly unified
format for research papers

Outline of Research Paper
 The Problem and Its Background
 Theoretical Framework
 Research Methodology
 Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation
 Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations

The Problem and Its Background
 Introduction, Background of the Study
 Statement of the Problem
 Scope and Delimitation
 Significance of the Study

Theoretical Framework
 Review of Related Literature
 Review of Related Studies
 Conceptual/Theoretical Framework
 Hypothesis of the Study
 Assumptions of the Study
 Definition of Terms
Research Methodology
 Research Design
 Respondents of the Study
 Instrument of the Study
 Validity and Reliability
 Statistical Treatment

Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation
 Presentation of Data
 Analysis
 Interpretation
 Discussion

Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendation
 Summary of Findings
 Conclusion
 Recommendation

Roles of a Researcher (Nieswiadomy, 2005)
 Principal Investigator
 Member of Research Team
 Identifier of a Researchable Problem
 Evaluator of Research Findings
 User of Research Findings
 Patient or Client Advocate
 Subject/Respondent/Participant
Importance of Research
 Provision of Scientific Basis
 Development and Productivity in a Field
 Develop Tools for Assessing Effectiveness
 Providing Solutions to Problems
 Proper Decision-Making
 Alternative Approaches
 Personal and Professional Growth
Goals of Research
 To produce evidence-based practice
 To establish credibility in the profession
 To observe accountability in the profession
 To promote cost-effectiveness

Quiz 2:
1. Research entails an investigation of new facts
leading to the discovery of new methods, or
improvements.

Quiz 2:
2. The microsystem is the composition of chapters
organized in a logical and scientific manner.

Quiz 2:
3. In settings like the school and community, unusual
phenomena may occur and can turn into potential
problems.

Quiz 2:
4. The theoretical framework introduces the problem
to the readers.

Quiz 2:
5. Research provides an artistic basis for any practice
or methodology.

Quiz 2:
6. A researcher plays many roles such as principal
investigator…

Quiz 2:
7. Research aims to advance professional and personal
growth.

Quiz 2:
8. One of the goals of research is to produce results-
based practice.

Quiz 2:
9. Every action conducted by a researcher must have a
purpose.

Quiz 2:
10. Research promotes cost-effectiveness through
documentation.

Quiz 2:
11. A standard research paper has four chapters.

Quiz 2:
12. Chapter one is called Theoretical Framework.

Quiz 2:
13. The researcher cannot limit the scope of his/her
study.

Quiz 2:
14. Definition of terms is divided to conceptual and
operational definition.

Quiz 2:
15. A researcher is a patient/client advocate who
respects the rights of his respondents.

General Forms of
Research

Objectives:
1. Identify various types of research
2. Differentiate qualitative and quantitative types of
research

General Forms of Research
1. Scientific Research
2. Research in Humanities
3. Artistic Research

Scientific Research
1. Seeks to explain naturally occurring phenomena
in the natural world by generating credible
theories
2. Involves formulating hypothesis, testing
predictions, using scientific methods, and
generating theory

Scientific Research
1. The adverse effects of medicinal
marijuana
2. The effects of absence of parental
supervision on the behavior of children
ages 5-9

Research in Humanities
1. Seeks to define purpose of human
existence by tapping into historical facts
and future possibilities
2. Requires more than facts and figures;
often explanation

Research in Humanities
1. Basis on the selection of life partners
among professionals ages 23-28
2. The perception of the youth on the
millennial question and its impacts on
their decision-making skills

Artistic Research
1. Does not solely refer to “arts”
2. Conducting practical methods in the
absence of fundamental and theoretical
ones

Artistic Research
1. Comparison of the use of gestures across
various cultures
2. Biblical allusions present in modern
literature
Taken from: getinspired.mit.edu

Artistic Research
1. Comparison of the use of gestures across
various cultures
2. Biblical allusions present in modern
literature
Taken from: getinspired.mit.edu

Practice
1. The Effects of Understanding By Design (UBD) approach on the
academic performance of students
2. The Greek References in the Sacred Scriptures
3. Comparison of the Preferences on Sexual Partners of
Professionals ages 21-25 and 26-30
4. The Difference between the Study Habits of STEM and ABM
students

Assessment
1. The Gender Biases experienced by women ages 19-23 in the
workplace
2. French politics and theater of the 17th and 18th centuries
3. The Adverse Effects of Social Media on the Communication Skills
of Students
4. Characteristics of global female leaders in the 21st century
5. The Relationship between Marketing Style and Customer
Satisfaction

Research Design

Research Design
1. Organization of components in an orderly and
coherent manner
2. Template for the collection, measurement, and
analysis of data
3. The problem determines the design, not vice-
versa
Having a well-developed design
allows for:
1. Clear description of problem
2. Identification of literature and studies
3. Clear hypothesis
4. Gathering necessary data to test hypothesis
5. Appropriate methods of analysis
Action Design
1. Identifies a problem, determines a plan of action, plan is
implemented, data is gathered upon implementation of
plan
2. Solution-driven design
Examples:
1. Determining the Solution for Lack of Mathematical Comprehension among Grade 7
Students.
2. Addressing the Frequency of Tardiness among Grade 11 students of SPCB

Causal Design
1. Define how a specific change impacts certain
situations
2. “Variable x caused y”
Examples:
1. Does disobedience to school rules affect the academic performance of
students?
2. The Effects of Lack of Parental Monitoring on the Behavior of Grade 10
Students
Descriptive Design
1. Answers the who, what, when, where, and
how questions related to a problem
Example:
1. The Remedial Programs Conducted by Senior High School
Instructors in SPCB
2. The Standard Operating Procedures of the Best Schools in Manila

Experimental Design
1. Manipulates one or several factors to affect result
2. Often quantitative
Examples:
1. Do Group Activities Fair Better as Assessment Tool than Quizzes?
2. Heredity or Environment: The Determinant of Success among Junior High
School Students in SPCB

Exploratory Design
1. Studies topics with little to no studies conducted
about them.
Examples:
1. Evaluating the Best Practices of the Values-Education program
among Catholic Schools in Bulacan
2. Basis in the Selection of a Lifetime Partner among Professionals
ages 25-28

Quiz
Identify the research design in the titles/problems below:
1. The Learning Styles of Grade 11 Students

2. Peer Tutoring as remedy to the different rates of learning of JHS
Students
3. Identifying the Criteria of Parents in the Selection of Schools
4. The Effects of Poor Reading Comprehension on the
Mathematical Ability of SHS Students
5. A study that aims to describe the relationship between a person’s
stress level to his/her productivity in work.
Quiz
6. With the boom of Kpop in the Philippines, a researcher pursues a

study that aims to characterize the genre and identify factors that
single it out from other genres in the industry.
7. A researcher compares the use of textbooks and ebooks in
classroom instruction.
8-10. What are the three forms of research? Define each.

Quiz
6. Recreational Activities as Means to Lessen the Number of

Teenagers who do Drugs
7. The Implications of Outcomes-Based Education on the Career
Paths of SHS Students
8. The Changes in Academic Performance from having to perform
inductive strategy to deductive strategy.
9. The Community-Based Projects of SPCB
10. The Millennial Question Dilemma
Cohort Design
1. Identifies a group of people sharing common
characteristics who are then studied for a long
period of time
Example:
Following a group of rapists for a psychological study
that aims to describe why they tend to commit such crime.
Cross-Sectional Design
1. Looks into a large group of people, composed
of individuals with varied characteristics
Example:
A cross-sectional study can be conducted on males and
females between the ages 24-35 to check for spending or purchase
trend differences between the sexes
taken from: questionpro.com
Longitudinal Design
1. Follows a group of people for a long period of time
Examples:
Changes in the theological beliefs of cancer
survivors from the period of diagnosis to period of cure.

Sequential Design
1. Carried out in stages to gather sufficient data to
test hypothesis
Example: Gathering feedback forms from 100 JHS

students on a recently concluded event, and randomly
selecting 50 students for an interview.

Quantitative vs.
Qualitative Research

Quantitative Research
1. Polit and Beck (2004) defined quantitative research as
a “general set of orderly, disciplined procedures to
acquire information.”
2. Within the realm of the senses, quantitative research is
usually statistical in nature.
3. Has the capability to generalize the effect of the result to
the individuals outside of the participants.

Flaws of Quantitative Research
1. Limiting when it comes to studying complex and diverse
minds of human beings
2. Human complexities are controlled or removed entirely.

Qualitative Research
1. Polit and Beck (2008) defined qualitative research as
“dealing with the issue of human complexity by exploring it
directly.”
2. Puts emphasis on the analysis of human experience of the
individual
3. Explains human experience in its dynamic, holistic, and
individualistic aspects through an individual’s perception.

Flaws of Qualitative Research
1. Reduces human experience to just few concepts under
investigation
2. Subjective nature of inquiry
“Would two naturalistic researchers studying the same
phenomenon in similar setting arrive at similar conclusions?”

Quantitative Research Qualitative Research
Aims to characterize trends and patterns Involves processes, feelings, and motives
Usually starts with either a theory or Generates theories from data
hypothesis about the variables
Questionnaires Unstructured/Semi-structured instruments
Large sample Small sample chosen purposively

High output replicability High validity
Group similarities Individual differences
Structured Processes Flexible Processes

Types of Qualitative
Study

Phenomenological Study
1. Examines human experience through the descriptions
provided by the respondents
2. Solely concerned with the study of experience from the
perspective of the participant (cirt.edu)
3. It follows the method of bracketing, intuition, analysis,
and description

Examples:
1. What are the common experiences encountered by a person
with a spouse who is undergoing rehabilitation?
2. How does school leadership contribute to the a student’s sense
of empowerment?
3. What gender biases do you experience in the workplace?
4. What is anxiety? How is it manifested in the classroom?

Ethnographic Study
1. Collection and analysis of data about cultural minorities
2. Researchers interact with people in their real-life
environment.
3. Anthropological ethnographers often live amongst a
group/society for a year or more, in order to learn about
them.
4. Short ethnographic studies are useful for user-centered
projects
Examples:
1. What is the demographic profile and migratory adaptations of
squatter families in Barangay Cutcut, Angeles City?
2. What are the cultural differences of families living in
Northville, Batia, Bocaue, Bulacan?
3. What is the difference between the upbringing of a child in the
urban set-up against the rural set-up?

Historical Study
1. Identification, location, evaluation, and synthesis of data
from past events
2. Implications of past events to present and future time
3. “What came to be…”
4. Sources are: documents, relics and artifacts, oral reports
5. Classification of sources: primary and secondary
6. Criticism may be: internal and external

Examples:
1. What were the roles of women in the Katipunan?
2. What were the themes present in Rizal’s writing?
3. What were the curricular contents delivered to students
during Spanish occupation?
4. How was religion first taught to Filipinos?

Case Study
1. In-depth examination of an individual, group of people, or
an institution
2. Gain insights about a little-known problem and provide
background for broader studies
3. A case study research paper examines a person, place,
event, phenomenon, or other type of subject of analysis in
order to extrapolate key themes and results that help
predict future trends.
Examples:
1. How do cancer survivors look at life?
2. What are the behavioral changes experienced by a person who
had quit smoking?
3. What is the framework of thinking of convicted rapists?
4. What changes happened in the academic performance of a
student who was exposed enrichment classes?

Grounded Theory Study
1. Construction of theories through methodical gathering
and analysis of data
2. Likely to begin with a question than a theory.
3. Hypotheses are tentative, suggestive, and are not tested in
the study.

Examples:
1. Ten school counselors were given structured interviews
to help determine how their professional identity is
formed.
2. Twenty student leaders were tapped for an interview on
how shared responsibility contributes to their skills.

Narrative Analysis
1. Life accounts of individuals based on personal
experiences
2. Kinds of stories told about the researched phenomenon
and the kinds of story representing the phenomenon in
culture and society
3. Types: Psychological, Biographical, and Discourse
Analysis

Examples
1. A learner’s life beyond the classroom
2. Responsibilities entailed by being a wife/husband

Critical Qualitative Research
1. Describes and critiques the social, cultural, and
psychological perspectives on present-day context
2. Critical qualitative inquiry scholars are united in the
commitment to expose and critique the forms of
inequality and discrimination that operate in daily life
(Garoian & Gaudelius, 2008).
3. Today, we are not called to interpret the world like the
traditional qualitative inquiry.
Postmodern Research
1. Seeks to analyze facts that have been established
2. Three crises that may occur through questioning:
a. Whether experience is captured or created by the
researcher
b. Whether studies are valid if traditional methods are
flawed
c. Whether it is possible to institute real change

Activity:
1. Have a conversation with your group. In the
conversation, talk about the strengths and weaknesses of
qualitative study based on its types.
2. Assign at least two members of the group to present the
work to the class.
3. The strengths and weaknesses must be explained.

Strengths of Qualitative Research
1. Requires few sample
2. There is in-depth analysis of topic/problem.
3. Caters to individuality of participants
4. Questions are not restricted.

Weaknesses of Qualitative
Research
1. Generalizations are not applicable to participants
outside the study.
2. Anonymity and confidentiality become an issue.
3. Results are heavily influenced by the researcher.

Quiz
Directions: Identify the type of qualitative study in the
statements below.
1. Rico decided to gather a group of college drop-outs to

determine if disinterest education is the primary cause of
being out-of-school. After gathering the data, Rico
proceeded to compare answers with one another.

Quiz
2. Joshua was given a research project that required him to
gather data about the lumad including their advocacies,
beliefs, and way of life.

Quiz
3. Charlon noticed how TV shows almost exclusively
embrace themes such as romance, adultery, and action. He
believed that such themes confuse the moral fiber of
students. Charlon decided to conduct a research about it.

Quiz
4. Jevon has three teachers who have taught in the school for
an average of 30 years. He decides to talk and listen to these
teachers to know what made them last in the profession for
such a long time.

Quiz
5. Axl is the principal of Dr. Yanga’s Colleges Inc. He had
observed that a large number of his students were coming
from dysfunctional families. Adding to that was the fact that
they were the same students who often violate school rules.
With this, Axl had asked one of his teachers to conduct a
research on the experiences of these students at home and
how these experiences affect their behavior.

Quiz
6. Renzel is interested in knowing more about the concept of
“Filipino time.” With this, he decided to do a research tracing
the origin of “Filipino time” and why it still happens to this
day.

Quiz
7. Jonjon is interested in knowing what could have happened
if Marcos had remained in power after the EDSA revolution.

Quiz
8. As part of their National Service Training Program, Irvin
was asked to live with people who have their houses by the
riverside to discover how they go about every day life.

Quiz
9. Jam had the opportunity to gather the 10 richest Filipinos
in a room. She had asked them about what constitutes success
in the corporate community to compare if they had similar
viewpoints of it.

Quiz
10. Greg discovered that much of the content in their
textbook contained genderism. To his surprise, other
textbooks had similar contents. He proceeded to study how
wrong the contents were and why they should not be as such.

Quiz
1. What type of qualitative study is reflected in the
question below:
What injustices occurred during the Japanese

occupation? How did these injustices affect the lives of the
Filipinos?

Quiz
2. Marijuana is known for its reputation as an illegal drug. A
group of researchers believes that the same plant may also
be used for medicinal purposes. What type of qualitative
study is reflected in the situation?

Quiz
3. Bullying has been a trend in St. Paul College of Bocaue.
With this, a group of researchers decides to ask students who
are/were bullied at one point in their lives and they are
asked to explain what happens to a person who is bullied.

Quiz
4. A group of professionals were gathered to discover their
perceptions on corporate success. The data revealed that
each professional had similar and contrasting views about
success.

Quiz
5. Jello had observed that most teachers are fond of calling
their students “anak.” Jello believed that such should not be
observed as it tampers with the way students perceive their
teachers.

Quiz
6. Marina wrote a research paper about the Ilocanos living in
barangay sulucan. The paper was about their reasons for
moving, means of living, and life conditions.

Quiz
7. What type of qualitative study is reflected in the question
below:
What are the behavioral changes in a person who had

just transferred residency?

Quiz
8. What type of research is reflected in the question below:
What if Rizal was not executed? Would he still be the

National Hero of the Philippines? Would he be overtaken by
other patriots?

Quiz
9. What type of research is reflected in the situation below:
Mr. Tuazon shared how he was able to find success even

without formal education. His sharing was used to explain
the problem of Irvin’s research paper.

Quiz
10. What type of qualitative study is reflected in the
questions below:
What are the effects of playing video games to the

cognitive ability of students after the first three months of
exposure?

Writing
Chapter 1

Parts of Chapter 1
1. Introduction
2. Background of the Study
3. Statement of the Problem
4. Theoretical Framework
5. Conceptual Framework
6. Scope and Delimitation
7. Definition of Terms

Introduction
The following elements must be contained in the introduction:
a. The rationale of the problem – purpose for conducting the
study
b. Setting of the Problem – description of setting in relation to
problem
c. Literary Foundation – basic definitions of variables in the study
d. Statistical Evidences – studies/figures related to the study
e. General Objective – goal of the study

Stating the Research
Problem

Statement of the Problem
• It would be hard to conduct a research unless there is a clearly
defined problem in the study.
• It allows the researcher to clarify essential elements of the study
such as the major variables, the general and specific objectives,
and the appropriate methodology.
• The opening paragraph of this part of the research contains the
general problem of the study.

• The important elements of the statement of the general problem
are:
• Main tasks – answers the what to do with the variable of the
study – to relate, to assess, to determine, to measure…
• Main or major variables
• Participants – subjects or respondents of the study
• Setting of the Study
• Coverage date
• Include intended output is there is…
Sample opening paragraphs
The main problem of this research is to look into the influence
of video games and the utilization of social media on the
language proficiency of the freshman students of Leyte National
High School for the first semester of academic year 2014-2015.
The result of this investigation will be the basis of the formulation
of the guidelines in the development, organization, and
implementation of effective study habits.

This study aims to assess the level of performance of technical-
vocational instructors and relate it to the efficiency level of senior
high school management students undergoing on-the-job
training in selected businesses in Palo, Leyte during the school
year 2014-2015.

This study aims to assess the behavioral traits of senior high
school students and to relate them to the productivity level in
reviewing lessons and passing the long examinations. This study is
to be conducted during the first semester of SY 2016-2017 in the
Division of Palo, Leyte.

• The opening paragraph is followed by an enumeration of the
specific problems. The problems must be in question form and
must meet the following criteria:
• They must define the population and the sample (that is, the
respondents or subjects).
• They must identify the variables (major and minor) being
studied.
• They must be empirically tested.

Non-Researchable Questions
• These are questions that are answerable by yes/no.
• Will the students from a broken family prove their worth in
the community?
• Should all mothers breastfeed their babies?
• Should master teachers be watchful to their new students?
• Do all high school teachers have Master’s degree?
• Are parents and other family members helping senior high
school students pass the needed requirements?

Researchable questions
• These are questions of value, opinions, or policy raised to
gather data. Questions help the researcher decide on the
design, data collection, and data analysis of the study.
These questions begin with who, what, where, when, why,
and how.
• Examples are factor-isolating questions, factor-relating
questions, situation-relating questions, and situation-
producing questions.
Factor-isolating questions
• These questions isolate, categorize, describe, or name
factors and situations.
Examples:
1. What is the profile of school managers in terms of the
following:
1.1 Age
1.2 Management Experience

1. What is the profile of school managers in terms of the
following:
1.1 Age
1.2 Management Experience
a. educational attainment;
b. management training;
c. home atmosphere?

2. What is the level of description of the study habits of
senior high school students in terms of:
2.1 review time;
2.2 place of review, and
2.3 techniques in studying

3. What is the level of school effectiveness in terms of:
3.1 Teacher’s performance;
3.2 School performance;
a. drop-out rate
b. completion rate,
c. survival rate,
d. achievement rate, and
e. awards received by students?
Factor-Relating Questions
• The goal of these questions is to determine the relationship
among factors that have been identified. These are used for non-
experimental study.
Examples
1. How do the study habits influence the achievement level of the
Grade 11 students in their major subjects?
2. What is the significant association between nature and
economic status of the family and the social status of junior
students?
Factor-Relating Questions
Examples
3. What relationships are observed between and among the following
variables:
a. intrapersonal competency;
b. interpersonal competency; and
c. school effectiveness?
4. What is the relationship of the level of performance of the college
instructors to the OJT performance of the HRM students of Tacloban School of
Business?

Situation-Relating Questions
• These questions usually yield hypotheses testing or
experimental study designs in which the researcher
manipulates the variables to see what will happen.
Examples:
1. What are the effects of the traditional methods of
teaching on the level of performance of ABM
students?
Situation-Relating Questions
Examples:
2. How do customer management procedures applied by the store

managers affect the level of customer satisfaction as experienced by
selected regular clients of Jollibee stores in the province of Leyte?
3. How significantly different is the performance of the morning call

center agents to that of the evening call center agents?

Situation-producing questions
• These questions establish the specific goals for action.
Examples:
1. Based on the findings, what human relation intervention
program can be adopted to enhance or improve school
effectiveness?
2. How can counseling services be organized to promote family
bonding among parents and students in social media?

Quiz 1
A.
1 – 5. What are the five major elements of the opening paragraph of
the statement of the problem?
B.
1. What is the relationship between a person’s gender and his/her
time management skill?
2. How should a school plan for its co-curricular activities to
promote student-involvement?

Quiz 1
B.
3. How significantly different will a student academically perform
after having attended enrichment classes?
4. What are the grades of 10 – St. Ignatius in English in the first
quarter?
5. How does the English-Speaking Drive affect a student’s capacity
to communicate in English?

Understanding
Variables

Variables
1. “Changing qualities or characteristics” – like age, gender,
intelligence, ideas, achievements, confidence…
2. Any factor or property that a researcher measures, controls,
and/or manipulates
3. Set of attributes, characteristics, numbers, or quantities that can
be measured or counted.

Types of Variables
1. Numeric Variables – answers ‘how may’ or ‘how much’
a. Continuous Variables – assumes any value from a given
set.
Example: Time, Age, Temperature, Height, and Weight
b. Discrete Variables – assumes any whole value within

the limits or the given variables
Example: Number of Registered Cars, Population of Students
Types of Variables
2. Categorical Variables – ‘What type’ or ‘which category’
a. Ordinal Variables – can be logically ordered
Examples – Academic Grades, Clothing Size, Measures
of Attitudes
b. Nominal Variables – cannot be organized
Examples – Teaching Strategy, Eye Color, Religion

Types of Variables
2. Categorical Variables – ‘What type’ or ‘which category’
c. Dichotomous Variables – two categories
Examples: Gender, Yes/No, True/False

Types of Variables
3. Experimental Variables – usually manipulated in
experiments
a. Independent Variable - cause
b. Dependent Variable – effect
c. Extraneous Variable – outside variable in an
experiment
Example: Effects of Methods of Teaching on Language
Achievement
Types of Variables
4. Non-experimental Variables
a. Predictor Variables – Changes the other variable in a
non-experimental way
b. Criterion Variables – influenced by the predictor
variables
Example: Competencies of Teachers and Students’
Behavior in Selected Private Schools

Types of Variables
5. Number of Variables in a Study
a. Univariate – one variable
b. Bivariate – two variables
c. Polyvariate – More than two variables are being
studied.

Quiz 2
Test A
Instruction: Determine whether the following variables are
continuous, discrete, ordinal, nominal, dichotomous, or
polychotomous.
1. Sex
2. Emotional Intelligence
3. Honor roll
4. Length
5. Spiritual Practices
Quiz 2
Instruction: Determine whether the following variables are
continuous, discrete, ordinal, nominal, dichotomous, or
polychotomous.
6. Level of Addiction
7. Absences
8. Values
9. Mortality Rate
10. Degree of Agreement
Quiz 2
Test B
Instruction: Identify the Independent and Dependent
Variables in the following items.
1. The Effects of Types of Audio-Visual Materials on the
Problem-Solving Skills in Mathematics
2. Various Study Habits, and their Effects on the Level of
Performance in Management Subject

Quiz 2
Test B
3. Effects of Types of Soil and Fertilizer on the Growth of
Papaya Tree
4. Types of Feeds and Sanity Level: Their Effects on the
Growth of Tilapia in Fishponds

Quiz 2
Test B
5. How may Student Retention be affected by School
Activities?

Quiz 3
Test C.
Instruction: Identify what type of non-experimental variable
are present in the following titles:
1. Relationship of Leadership Styles and the Levels of
Satisfaction of Customers of Selected Restaurants
2. Profile of Parents and Family Bonding: Their influence
on Study Habits and Achievement Level

Quiz 3
Test C.
are present in the following titles.
3. Types of Business and Managerial Skills Towards
Profitability Level of Canteens
4. Disciplinary Mechanisms and Behavioral Changes
Among Senior High School Students

Quiz 3
Test C.
are present in the following titles.
5. Conduct of Guidance Counseling Programs and Degree of
Absenteeism and Drop-Out Rate Among Grade 8 Classes

Hypothesis

Hypothesis
1. Tentative explanation or an answer to a question about
variables, the relationships, and facts involved in the
research
2. A hypothesis has to be tested through analytical
investigation to prove how true or false it is.
3. The result of your research proves whether your
hypotheses are correct, incorrect, or partially correct.

Categories of Hypothesis
1. Null hypothesis
a. states the absence of relationship between the
independent and dependent variables
2. Alternative Hypothesis
b. The first affects the second one

Type of Hypothesis
1. Theory-driven vs. Data-driven hypothesis
2. Directional vs. Non-Directional hypothesis
3. Descriptive vs. Causal hypothesis

Example:
1. The Head of the P.E. Department of a certain High
School claims that the mean height of Grade 7 students
is 163 cm. The mean height of 45 randomly selected
Grade 7 students is 161 cm. Using 0.01 significance level,
can it be concluded that the mean height of Grade 7
students is different from 163 cm as claimed by the Head
of the P.E. Department?

Example:
2. Last year, the mean number of ladies’ bags produced by
GB Company was 2,500 each day. This year, the manager
claims that there is an increase in the number of bags
produced each day for a period of one month. His
computation resulted to a mean of 2,515 ladies’ bags. At 0.05
significance level, is there enough evidence to conclude that
the mean of ladies’ bags produced by GB Company is
greater than 2,500?
Quiz 5:
Instructions: Express the problem in its hypothetical format.
1. An alternator manufacturer must produce its alternators so that
they are 95% confident that it runs at 71.1 C under stress test in
order to meet the production requirements for sale to the US
government. The stress test is performed on random samples drawn
from the production line on a daily basis. Today’s sample of 7
alternators has a mean of 71.3 C. Is there enough evidence that the
sample mean is greater than the population mean?

Quiz 5:
Instructions: Express a non-directional and a directional hypothesis
using the given population mean.
2. μ = 200
3. μ = 39

Review Quiz:
Part A:
Instructions: Identify what is being described or asked in the items.
1. It is a part of the research that provides an understanding of the
main goal of the study and the questions that it would like to
answer.
2-6. Prior to the questions to be answered, the researcher writes
down an opening paragraph to introduce the background of the
problem. What are its five elements excluding the optional?

Review Quiz:
Part A:
Instructions: Identify what is being asked in the following questions:
7. It is a type of question that establishes relationship between the
factors identified in a study.
8. It is a type of question that aims to categorize or isolate.
9. What type of question should be asked if the goal is to come up
with an output at the end of a study?
10. It is a question asked in an experimental study that serves the
purpose of identifying relationship between situational variables.
Review Quiz:
Part B:
Instructions: Identify the type of variable.
Discrete Continuous Nominal Ordinal Dichotomous
1. Occupation
2. Life Expectancy
3. Number of Romantic Relationships in a Year
4. Scores in English Test
5. Intention to Transfer

Review Quiz:
Part B:
Instructions: Identify the type of variable.
Discrete Continuous Nominal Ordinal Dichotomous
6. Surname
7. Religion
8. Number of Schools in Metro Manila
9. Stars
10. Criminality Rate

Review Quiz:
Part C:
Provide what is being asked using the title below:
“The Effects of Sleep Deprivation on the Attention Span of Students”
Factor Isolating Question: ______________________________

Factor Relating/Situation Relating Question: _______________

Review Quiz:
Part D.
Instructions: Express a non-directional and a directional hypothesis
using the given population mean.
1. μ = 200
2. μ = 39

Chapter II
Reviewing the
Literature

Objectives:
• Define the elements of theoretical framework.
• Realize and understand the purpose of research
framework for the success and reliability of the
study.
• Explain the purpose of framework in the research
study.

Activity:
Input Process Output
• Nature in • Testing the • A perfume
making fruit extract that uses a
natural calamansi
perfume fruit extract
• Effective • Testing of the
method in fragrance
extracting
calamansi
juice

What is a Research Framework
Research Framework: is a set of ideas that provide support to the
study, it serves as the building blocks for the foundation of the study.
Two Kinds of Research Framework:

1. Theoretical Framework – is formulated from existing theories and
serves as the foundation of the study.
2. Conceptual Framework – is derived from a combination of
theories or parts of theories. This framework guides the researcher in
synthesizing the different theories used in formulating a new one.
Since the theoretical framework prefaces the entire study by
providing background information, it should be supported by
established facts from different resource materials.
1. Relevant Theories – these are theories that are partially and fully
relevant to the present study and are discussed to provide a basis for
the variables being tested.

2. Review of Related Literature – these are published materials that
compare the study with existing knowledge on the research topic.
3. Review of Related Studies – this part includes the theses or

dissertations on research topics carrying the same variables.

4. Paradigm of the Study – this is a diagrammatic presentation of the
study used to visually summarize the whole study.
IPO (Input-Process-Output) Mode: it is used when the research

seeks to discuss a factor or a major variable that causes a problem,
phenomenon, or transformation in the subject.

Input, Process, and Output Model
Input Process Output

• Variable that • The method • The outcome
causes the by which the of the
problem variables variables
were
collected.

Developing the Theoretical Framework
The University of South California (2016) provides the following
strategies in formulating the theoretical framework.
1. Examine your thesis title and research problem
2. Brainstorm about what is considered as the key variables in the
research
3. Review related literature and studies
4. List the constructs and variables
5. Review key theories
6. Discuss the assumptions or propositions
Developing the Theoretical Framework
Relevant Theories: Singh defines theory as a non-observable
construct that is inferred from observable facts and events.
In the discussion of the relevant theories, the following parts are
mentioned:
1. Name of the author
2. Title of the theory
3. Theoretical statement or principles
4. Explanation of the theoretical statement
5. Relationship of the theory to the present study
Activity:
With your research team, create a paradigm for your research study
using the IPO model.

Quiz:
True/False
1. Theoretical and Conceptual Framework are the same.
2. The paradigm of the study is a graphical summary of the study.
3. Review of Related Literature seeks to present studies related to
the problem at hand.
4. Related Theories serve the purpose of providing a background
about the study.
5. IPO means input, process, output.

Quiz:
6-10. Enumerate the elements that must be present in the discussion
of relevant theories.

Chapter IV
Presentation, Analysis
and Interpretation of
Data
Presentation of Data
The commonly used tools of data presentation are
figures, tables, and graphs.
Here are some ways to properly introduce non-prose forms of
data.
1. The pie graph presented in Figure 2 shows the total number
of enrolled Grade 11 senior high school students for school
year 2014-2015.

Presentation of Data
2. Table 9, entitled “Weighted Mean of the Responses of the
Grade-VI Teachers Regarding Clinical Supervision during
Post-Conference,” reveals…
3. Table 4, below, shows the weighted mean of the level of
validity of test papers in terms of hierarchy of taxonomy.

Graphs
1. Area graph – this graph shows the relationship of
different parts to a whole over time.
Annual Sales in Millions
Annual Sales in Million
35
30
25
20
15
10
0
1/1/2014 1/1/2015 1/1/2016 1/1/2017 1/1/2018

Graphs
2. Column – It shows the differences in individual values
vertically. It can be used to shows the differences between
values in different time periods or other data groupings.

Graphs
2. Column
Income in Thousands of Sizzlingan ni Irvin
5
4.5
3.5
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday
Total Revenues Total Expenses Profit Loss

Graphs
3. Bar – It shows the differences in individual values
horizontally. It works best for one or two data series.
Students’ Votes for the Top Senatorial Candidates
Juan Ponce Enrile
Bato Dela Rosa
Larry Gadon
Manny Pacquiao
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Number of Students

Graphs
4. Line – features values at different points in time
Cinema Sales in Billions
6
0
2001 2002 2003 2004
Sales

Graphs
5. Pie Graph – proportions of each segment as a whole
Literatures present in textbooks
Essays Poems Short Stories Fables

Tables
It provides exact values and illustrate results efficiently
as they enable the researcher to present a large amount of
data with little space.

Table 1. Sample Weighted Mean of the Responses of the Grade-VI Teachers Regarding
Clinical Supervision during Post-Conference
Behavioral Responses Weighted Mean Verbal Interpretation
1. Accepts all comments 4.49 Very Apparent
and suggestions of the
supervisor
2. Reacts positively to the 4.85 Very Apparent
feedback
3. Feels nervous 3.03 Apparent
4. Responds normally and 3.97 Satisfactory Apparent
think of it as a regular
process
5. Shows gratitude to the 4.67 Very Apparent
supervisor for the pointers
to be given to improve
performance
6. Average Weighted Mean 4.2 Very Apparent

How to Analyze and Interpret Data
Analysis:
1. The highest numerical value such as scores, weighted
means, percentages, and variability, etc.
2. The highest numerical value such as scores, weighted
means, percentages, and variability, etc.
3. The most common value
4. The final numerical value like the average weighted
mean, total…
How to Analyze and Interpret Data
Interpretation:
The researchers will make inferences about the analysis
of data. The researcher may comment on the findings.
Discussion:
The researcher will connect a literature or a theoretical
study with the findings.

Research PT

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Practical Research 1

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Taken from: getinspired.mit.edu

Taken from: getinspired.mit.edu

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1. The Learning Styles of Grade 11 Students

6. With the boom of Kpop in the Philippines, a researcher pursues a

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6. Recreational Activities as Means to Lessen the Number of

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Example: Gathering feedback forms from 100 JHS

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Large sample Small sample chosen purposively

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