ADIGRAT UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Course Title: IT social, professional and ethical issues

Course Code: ITec4142

Group Leader: Bereket Tesfaw

Group-3 Assignment I

Members Name ID No

1. Bereket Tesfaw 00547/08

2. Samson Tizazu 00625/08

3. Abrhaley Tsegay 00529/08

4. Sisaynew Gobeze 00640/08

5. Nabyom Adisu 00619/08

Submitted to Inst. Tesfaye T.

1 Submission Date 20/04/2011 E.C 4/6/2019

 ABSTRACT
This slide gives a review of fiber optic communication system, including
architectural methodologies, key features, applications and furthermore
talks about their future activities towards the next generation. Advantages
and disadvantages of fiber optic communication systems are explained.
Fiber optic systems are vital media transmission foundation for overall
broadband systems. Wide data transfer capacity (bandwidth) signal
transmission with low delay is a key prerequisite in present day
applications.

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 FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION

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 Introduction
Optical communication system consists of transmitter, channel and receiver.
Transmitter consists of amplifier, modulator and a light emitting semi-
conductor device, whereas receiver contains photo detecting devices. Optic
Fiber communication offers extremely high bandwidth, immunity to
electromagnetic interference, non-existent delays and immunity from
interception by external means. Optical fibers are widely used in Fiber-optic
communications, which permits transmission over longer.

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 History
The world's first wireless telephone transmission between two buildings,
some 213 meters apart. Due to its use of an atmospheric transmission
medium, the Photo phone would not prove practical until advances in
laser and optical fiber technologies permitted the secure transport of light.
The Photo phone's first practical use came in military communication
systems many decades later.

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 CONT…
First generation (Graded-index fibers)

 Year implemented: 1980

 Bit rate: 45 Mb/s

 Repeater spacing: 10 km

 Operating wavelength: 0.8 um

 Semiconductor: GaAs (gallium arsenide phosphide)

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 CONT…
Second generation (Single-mode fibers)

 Year implemented: 1985

 Bit rate: 100 Mb/s to 1.7 Gb/s

 Repeater spacing: 50 km

 Operating wavelength: 1.3 um

 Semiconductor: In GaAsP

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 CONT…
Third generation (Single-mode lasers)

 Year implemented: 1990

 Bit rate: 10 Gb/s

 Repeater spacing: 100 km

 Operating wavelength: 1.55 um

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 CONT…
Fourth generation (Optical amplifiers)

 Year implemented: 1996

 Bit rate: 10 Tb/s

 Repeater spacing: > 10,000 km

 Operating wavelength: 1.45 um to 1.62 um

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 CONT…
Fifth generation (Raman amplification)

 Year implemented: 2002

 Bit rate: 40 Gb/s to 160 Gb/s

 Repeater spacing: 24,000 km to 35,000 km

 Operating wavelength: 1.53 um to 1.57 um

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 Motivation/Push Factors
 To meet demand of increase in the telecommunication data transmission.

 To increase as light guides, imaging tools and as lasers for medical surgeries

 help to increase the speed and accuracy of data transmission in networking

 To develop broadcast/cable companies and wiring in aircraft of the military

defense

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Meaning of Fiber Optic Communication
What does fiber optic communication mean?

 Fiber-optic communication is a method of transmitting information from

one place to another by sending pulses of light through an optical fiber.

 The light forms an electromagnetic carrier wave that is modulated to carry

information.

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 How It Works?
 The transmission entirely depends on electrical signals passing through

the cable, the fiber optics transmission involves transmission of signals

in the form of light from one point to the other. Furthermore, a fiber
optic communication network consists of transmitting and receiving
circuitry, a light source and detector devices.

 When the input data, in the form of electrical signals, is given to the

transmitter circuitry, it converts them into light signal with the help of a
light source.

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Architectures and Development Methodology
 Fiber-optic communication systems can be classified into three broad

categories - point-to-point links, distribution networks, and local-area

networks.

 Point-to-Point Links

 Point-to-point links is the simplest form in fiber-optic communication

systems. The main role is to transport information, in the form of digital

bit stream, from one place to another with high accuracy.

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  Distribution Networks

 In the case of distribution networks, information is not only transmitted,

but is also distributed to a group of subscribers.

 Examples include local-loop distribution of telephone services and

 Broadcast of multiple video channels over cable television.

 Such networks have the ability to distribute a wide range of services,

including telephone, computer data, and video broadcasts.

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 CONT…
 Such networks are called metropolitan-area networks (MANs) as hubs

are typically located in major cities.

 For bus topology, a single fiber cable carries the multichannel optical

signal throughout the area of service.

 An example is the common-antenna television (CATV) application of

bus topology consists of distributing multiple video channels within a

city.

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  Local Area Networks

 Local-area networks, also known as LANs, refers to networks in which

a large number of users within a local area are interconnected in such a

way that any user can access the network randomly to transmit data to
any other user.

 Optical-access networks used in a local subscriber loop also fall in this

category For such networks, transmission distance are relative short

(<10 km).

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 CONT…

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 CONT…
 The figure about shows the structure of (a) ring topology and (b) star

topology for local-area networks.

 In the case of the ring topology, consecutive nodes are connected by

point-to-point links to form a closed ring.

 Each node can transmit and receive the data by using a transmitter–

receiver pair, which also acts as a repeater.

 In the case of the star topology, all nodes are connected through point-

to-point links to a central node called a hub, or simply a star.

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 Key Features
 Low attenuation

 Large bandwidth

 Small diameter

 Transmission security

 Thinner and Immunity

 Light weight

 Long distance signal transmission

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 Areas of Application

 Telecommunications

 Local Area Networks

 Cable TV

 Bio-medical

 Military

 Automotive and many other

industrial sectors

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 Advantages

 Thinner and small in size

 Less Expensive

 Higher Carrying Capacity

 Less Signal Degradation&

Digital Signals

 Non-Flammable

 Light Weight

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CONT...
 Greater capacity (bandwidth up

to 2 Gbps, or more)

 Lower attenuation

 Immunity to environmental

interference

 Highly secure due to tap

difficulty and lack of signal

radiation

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 Disadvantages
 Difficult to Splice.
Fibers can be broken or have
transmission loses when
wrapped around curves of
only a few centimeters radius.
 Highly Susceptible
It is highly susceptible to
becoming cut or damaged
during installation or
construction activities.
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 CONT…
 Expensive to install

The optical fibers are more expensive to install, and they have to be
installed by the specialists.
They are not as robust as the wires.

 Expensive over short distance

 Requires highly skilled installers

 Adding additional nodes is difficult

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 Future Activities
The evolution of fiber optic communication has been driven by
advancement in technology and increased demand for fiber optic
communication. It is expected to continue into the future, with the
development of new and more advanced communication technology.
 All Optical Communication Network
 Intelligent Optical Transmission Network
 Improvements in Laser Technology
 Laser Neural Network Nodes

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 Conclusion
Fiber optics provides many advantages over copper conductors including
higher bandwidth, transmission of signals over longer distances, lower
weight and cost and immunity from electromagnetic interference. The
fiber optics communications industry is an ever evolving one, the growth
experienced by the industry has been enormous this past decade. There is
still much work to be done to support the need for faster data rates,
advanced switching techniques and more intelligent network architectures.

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 References
 Govind P. Agrawal. (2002). Fiber-optic communications systems (Third

Edition). Rochester, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

 V.S.Bagad. (2009). Optical fiber communication (First Edition). Pune, India:

Technical Publications Pune.

 Raman Amplification in Fiber Optical Communication Systems (Editors -

Clifford Headley, Govind P. Agrawal)

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber

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 THANK YOU!
ANY QUESTION ?

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