RAID

ARCHITECTURE

Presented by
PRINCE KUMAR
MT/CS/10005/18
 WHY NEEDED
• Many systems today need to store many
terabytes of data
• Don’t want to use single, large disk
– too expensive
– failures could be catastrophic
• Would prefer to use many smaller disks
• To Maintain Durability RAID Architecture
is used (Handle DISK Crash).
 RAID
• Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks
• Basic idea is to connect multiple disks
together to provide
– large storage capacity
– faster access to reading data
– redundant data(handle Fault tolerance)
• Many different levels of RAID systems
– differing levels of redundancy, error checking,
capacity, and cost
 Striping
• Take file data and map it to different disks
• Allows for reading data in parallel (Due to
this provides high performance)
file data block 0 block 1 block 2 block 3

Disk 0 Disk 1 Disk 2 Disk 3

 Mirroring
• Keep copies of data on two separate disks
• Gives good error recovery
– if some data is lost, get it from the other source
• Expensive
– requires twice as many disks
• Write performance can be slow
– have to write data to two different spots
• Read performance is enhanced
– can read data from file in parallel
 RAID Level-0
• Often called striping
• Break a file into blocks of data
• Stripe the blocks across disks in the system
• Simple to implement
– disk = file block % number of disks
• provides no redundancy or error detection
• Gives high performance (Reading data in
parallel).
• Not Fault Tolerant.
 RAID Level-0
file data block 0 block 1 block 2 block 3 block 4

0 block 0 0 block 1
1 block 2 1 block 3
sectors 2 block 4 2
sectors
3 3
4 4
5 5

Disk 0 Disk 1
 RAID Level-1
• A complete file is stored on a single disk
• A second disk contains an exact copy of the file
• Provides complete redundancy of data
• Read performance can be improved
– file data can be read in parallel
IT provides Fault Tolerance (because of
redundancy).
• Write performance suffers
– must write the data out twice
• Most expensive RAID implementation
– requires twice as much storage space
– Only 50% storage is used.
 RAID Level-1
file data block 0 block 1 block 2 block 3 block 4

0 block 0 0 block 0
1 block 1 1 block 1
sectors 2 block 2 2 block 2
sectors
3 block 3 3 block 3
4 block 4 4 block 4
5 5

Disk 0 Disk 1
 RAID Level-2
• Stripes data across disks similar to Level-0
– difference is data is splitted bit wise instead of
block wise like RAID 0.
• In this we use error correcting code like
Hamming code.
• In this few disks are used for stroring error
correcting code
• Minimum 3 disks required for storing
correcting codes.
• A parity disk is then used to reconstruct
corrupted or lost data
 Disks used for Disks used for
storing DATA. storing error
correcting codes.
Advantage is Faster Reading but Every Write operation we
have to calculate error correcting code So it slowers the write
operation.
 RAID LEVEL-4
• In this also we strip the data.But Unlike
RAID 2 in this we divide the data block
wise.
• As blocks are bigger than bits,for small read
and write operations only one disk is used
so rest of the disk will be available to
service other read or write request.
• Thus it increases number of simultaneous
accesses.But its data transfer rate is lesser
compared to RAID 3 because all the disk
dont participate in read or write operations.
 RAID Level-5
• RAID 5 is very important which is used in
servers, data centers or large computing
centers
• RAID 5 require minimum 3 disks.
• RAID 5 include Striping and mirroring.
• RAID 5 perform Byte level striping with
distributed parity.
• Distributed parity means if any disk drive
fails then from remaining disks any disk can
construct data from failing disk.
 Parity are distributed among all disks.

RAID 5 reduces the potential overuse of a single parity

disk.
 RAID Level-5
Level-4 Level-5
check
data disks data and check disks
disk

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5

S0 S0

S1 S1

S2 S2

S3 S3

S4 S4

S5 S5
 RAID Level-10
• Combine Level-0 and Level-1
• Stripe a files data across multiple disks
– gives great read/write performance
• Mirror each strip onto a second disk
– gives the best redundancy
• The most high performance system
• The most expensive system
 RAID 0 is Used
RAID 1 is Used
(STRIPING)
(MIRRORING)
 REFERENCE
[1] P. A. David , C. Peter , G. Garth and K. H. Randy, Introduction to
Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks (RAID), pp. 112-157, 1989,
IEEE
[2] www.ecs.umass.edu/ece/koren/architecture/Raid/basicRAID.html