Intellectual

Revolution
That Defined Society
At the end of this lesson, the students
should be able to:
 Discuss how ideas postulated by Copernicus,
Darwin and Freud contributed to the spark of
Scientific Revolution
 Analyze how Scientific Revolution is done in
various parts of the world like in Latin
America, East Asia, Middle East and Africa
among other civilizations
Science Defined

 Science is as old as the world itself. It is always

interwoven with the society.
 So, how can science be defined?
Science as an Idea

 Includes theories and all available systematic

explanations and observations about the natural and
physical world.
 Science as an Intellectual Activity

 Encompasses a
systematic and practical
study of the natural
world
 Involves systematic
observation and
experimentation
Science as a Body of Knowledge

 A subject or a discipline, a field of study, or a body of

knowledge that deals with the process of learning
about the natural and physical world.
 Referred to as School Science
Science as a Personal and Social
Activity
 Explains that science is both knowledge and activities
done by human beings to develop a better
understanding of the world around them.
 A means to improve and to survive in life
 Interwoven with peoples’ lives.
Scientific Revolution
Scientific Revolution
 Is claimed to have started in the early 16th – 18th
Century in Europe.
 A period of enlightenment when the developments of
the fields of mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology
and chemistry transformed the views of society about
nature.
 Caused the birth of modern science
 Was the golden age for people committed to scholarly
life at the same time deeply trying moment leading to
painful death of some
 Has formed the natural world and the world of ideas.
 Scientific Revolution
 Europe – Invention of the printing machine and the
blooming intellectual activities done in various places of
learning and the growing number of scholars in various
fields of human interests.
 All great civilizations of the ancient world had their own
sophisticated traditions and activities related to science,
technology, medicine and mathematics
 Has led to the creation of new research fields in science and
promoted the establishment of a strong foundation for
modern science.
 Influences to Scientific
Revolution
Science Ideas

Scientific
Revolutio
n
Humans Society
Some Intellectuals
And Their Revolutionary Ideas
Scientists are driven by 3C’s

 Curiosity
 Creativity
 Critical thinking

To explore the physical and natural world.

Their love for science is driven by their deep
passion To Know and To Discover
 Variables that Influence the Development of
Science Ideas, Science Discoveries and
Technology

Creativity SCIENCE
SCIENTISTS
IDEAS

Passion to
Curiosity SCIENCE
Know
DISCOVERIES

Critical Passion to
TECHNOLOG
Thinking Discover
Y
Three Notable Scientists
Influential to the Scientific Revolution
Nicolaus Copernicus
Nicolaus Copernicus
 Did not do extensive experiment but his ideas were
example of Thought Experiment
 Despite his duty as canon at Frombork Cathedral in
Poland, he had plenty of time to sustain his interest in
Astronomy.
 Strongly influenced by a book entitled Epitome (1946)
by Johannes Müeller which contain the author’s
observations of the heavens and some commentary
on earlier works esp that of Ptolemy’s.
 In 1510 completed his Idea and Model of the universe
and circulated a summary in a manuscript called
Commentariolus (Little Commentary)
Nicolaus Copernicus

 The publication of his book De revolutionibus orbium

coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly
Spheres) in 1543 and is often cited as the START of
the Scientific Revolution
 In his model, the Sun is the centerpiece of the
universe.
 Copernican Model of the
Universe
 The Earth and all the planets are surrounding or orbiting the
Sun each year
 The moon, however, would still be seen orbiting the Earth
 2 Planetary Motions
 The orbits of Venus and Mercury lay inside the orbit of the
Earth, thus, closer to the Sun
 The orbits of Mars, Saturn and Jupiter lay outside the
Earth’s orbit, thus, farther from the Sun
 Problem: The position of the stars – cannot be placed in a
fixed position like crystals in a distance sphere
 Think about these Questions…

1. What is the contribution of Copernicus in the

philosophy of science?
2. Do you think thought experiment is still useful
in science in the present time?
3. Do you think the Church should intervene in
science activities?
Ptolemy’s Geocentric Model
Charles Darwin
 Charles Darwin

 Famous for his theory of evolution

 Coming from a line of intellectually gifted and wealthy
family, he went to best schools but was observed to be
a mediocre student and struggled to make it through
medicine and ministry (clergyman).
 Darwin’s life soon changed when one of this professors
recommended him to join a five-year voyage through
the HMS Beagle on the Islands of Galapagos.
 Charles Darwin

 His book The Origin of Species was published in 1589 is

considered to be one of the MOST important works in scientific
literature.
 His book presented evidence on how species evolved over time
and presented traits and adaptation that differentiate species.
 Another published book The Descent of Man was so impressive
yet controversial.
 In his book, he introduced the idea of all organic life, including
human beings, under the realm of evolutionary thinking.
Divergent or Branching Evolution
 Think about these Questions…

1. What is Darwin’s contribution to science?

2. How can Darwin’s evolutionary theory influence
the following fields in modern times:
 Religion
 Biology
Sigmund Freud
 Sigmund Freud

 A famous figure in the field of Psychology

 Made a significant contribution in the scientific world through

the development of an important observational method to
gather reliable data to study human’s inner life – Method of
Psychoanalysis
 Psychoanalytic Theory

 A scientific way to study the human mind and neurotic

illness that were not understood by medicine during his
time
 Focuses on human sexuality and the evil nature of man
 Freud believed that people could be cured by making
conscious their unconscious thoughts and motivations,
thus gaining insight. The aim of psychoanalysis therapy
is to release repressed emotions and experiences, i.e.,
make the unconscious conscious.
Psychoanalytic Theory
 Think about these Questions…

1. What is Freud’s contribution to science?

2. Describe the Method of Psychoanalysis
CRADLES OF EARLY
SCIENCE
Developments of Science in:

 Mesoamerica
 Asia
 Middle East
 Africa
MESOAMERICA

 Includes the entire area of Central America – from

Southern Mexico up to the border of South America
 Rich in culture an knowledge prior to the arrival of
European colonizers
 Civilizations in Mesoamerica:

 MAYAN
 INCA
 AZTEC
 MAYAN CIVILIZATION
 Lasted for approx. 2,000 years
 Mayan Scientific Knowledge and Technology:
1.) Advanced works in Astronomy which is incorporated
into their temples and other religious structures -
solstices and equinoxes,
Ex. Pyramid at Chichén Itzá in Mexico – location of the
Sun during Spring and Fall equinoxes
2.) Prediction of eclipse using astrological cycles in
planting and harvesting
3.) Measuring time using two complicated Calendar
 MAYAN CIVILIZATION

4. Agriculture - Growing varieties of crops like corn and rubber

production
5. Construction of elaborate cities using ordinary machineries
and tools
6. Hydraulics System with sophisticated waterways to supply
water in different communities
7. Arts – built looms for weaving cloth and devised rainbow of
glittery paints made from mineral mica.
8. Mayan Hieroglyphics
9. Mathematics – number system based in numeral 20;
developed the concept of zero (0)
Maya Numbering System
 INCA CIVILIZATION
 The Inca Empire, which was centered in Peru and lasted from 1438
to 1533 AD, represented the height of this civilization before the
conquest of Spain
 Scientific Knowledge and Technology:
1. Roads paved with stones
2. Stone buildings that surmounted earthquakes and other
disasters
3. Irrigation System and Technique for storing water for
Agriculture
4. Calendar with 12 months to mark their Religious festivals
and prepare them for planting season
5. First suspension bridge
INCA CIVILIZATION

 Scientific Knowledge and Technology:

6. Quipu – a system of knotted ropes to keep records
that only experts can interpret
7. Inca Textiles – since cloth was one of the specially
prized artistic achievements; cloths indicated their
status
8. Agriculture - It is estimated that the Inca cultivated
around seventy crop species including potatoes,
sweet potatoes, maize, chili peppers, cotton,
tomatoes, peanuts, an edible root called oca, and
the pseudo grains quinoa and amaranth.
 AZTEC CIVILIZATION
 Scientific Knowledge and Technology:
1. Mandatory Education – Aztec children are mandated to get
education regardless of social class, gender and age, a
form of Universal or Inclusive Education
2. Chocolates – used as a currency. They value the cacao
beans highly and made it as part of tribute to their gods
3. Antispasmodic medication – prevents muscle spasms and
relax muscles which could help in surgery
4. Chinampa (Agricultural Farming) – the land was divided
into rectangular areas and surrounded by canals
 AZTEC CIVILIZATION

 Scientific Knowledge and Technology:

5. Aztec Calendar – enabled them to plan their activities,
rituals and planting season
6. Invention of Canoe – a light narrow boat used for traveling
in water systems
7. Aztec Writing System
ASIA
 Home of many ancient civilizations which host cultural,
economic, scientific and political activities of all ages.
 Great Civilizations in Asia (Science, Mathematics,
Technology):
 INDIA
 CHINA
 MIDDLE EAST
 INDIAN CIVILIZATION
 Scientific Knowledge and Technology:
1. Metallurgical works – Iron steel manufacturing (best)
2. Medicine - Ayurveda (2500 BC)– traditional medicine; still
practiced today (alternative medicine)
- medicinal properties of plants
- Susruta Samhita – describes different surgical and
other medical procedures famous in Ancient India.
3. Astronomy – Theories on the configuration of the universe
- Spherical self-supporting Earth
- A year of 360 days with 12 equal parts of 30 days each
 INDIAN CIVILIZATION
 Scientific Knowledge and Technology:
4. Astronomy – Siddhanta Shiromani covered topics such as
longitudes and latitudes of the planets, three problems of diurnal
rotations, syzygies, lunar eclipses, solar eclipses, risings and
settings, moon’s crescent conjunctions of planets with fixed stars;
paths of the Sun and Moon
5. Mathematics (Indus Valley Civilization) – standardized
measurements with high accuracy and designed ruler – Mohenjo-
daro ruler
6. Notable Names:
 Aryabhatiya (476-550) – introduced trigonometric
functions, tables and techniques; algorithms of algebra ;aprrox of
“pi”
 INDIAN CIVILIZATION
Notable Names:
 Brahmagupta – suggested that gravity was a
force of attraction and lucidly explained the use of zero as
both a placeholder and decimal digit; Hindu-Arabic Numeral
System
 Madhava of Sangamagrama – founder of
mathematical analysis
 CHINESE CIVILIZATION
 Have greatly influenced its neighboring countries like Korea, Japan,
Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar and other
countries belonging to the Old Silk Road
 Scientific Knowledge and Technology:
1. Medicine – traditional medicine, use of plants and animals to
cure diseases; acupuncture
2. Technology – Compass, Papermaking, gunpowder, printing
tools, iron plough, wheelbarrow and propeller among others.
3. Construction – different models of bridges
4. Seismological detector *
5. Dry dock facility
 CHINESE CIVILIZATION
 Scientific Knowledge and Technology:
6. Astronomy – Records of supernovas, lunar and solar eclipses
and comets
7. Lunar Calendar
 China have made other substantial contributions to various fields.
However, cultural factors prevented Chinese achievements from
developing into modern science. Another reason might have been
the religious and philosophical framework of Chinese
intellectuals that made them unable to accept ideas of laws of
nature.
 MIDDLE EAST CIVILIZATIONS

 Dominantly occupied by Muslims; Golden Age of Islam

 Placed more value on Science Experiments rather than plain-
thought experiments which led to the development of the Scientific
Method, an empirical orientation (In contrast to Greeks)
 Scientific Knowledge and Technology – Notable Names:
 Ibn al-Haytham – Father of Optics, renowned for his empirical
proof of the Intromission Theory of Light
 Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi – gave his name to the
concept of Algorithm while Algebra is derived from al-jabr
 MIDDLE EAST CIVILIZATIONS
1. Arabic Numeral System (although originally came from India) was
refined by Muslim mathematicians such as introduction of decimal
point notation.
2. Laid the foundation of Modern Chemistry played by Muslim
alchemists
 Jäbir ibn Hayyān - considered as the “Father of Chemistry”
3. Medicine
 Ibn Sina – pioneered the science of experimental medicine
- the first physician to conduct clinical trials
- discovery of the contagious nature of infectious
diseases and the introduction of clinical pharmacology
- books : Book of Healing and The Canon of Medicine
 African Civilizations
 Rich in natural and mineral resources
1. Used three types of calendars: lunar, solar and stellar or a
combination of the three.
2. Metallurgy – North Africa and the Nile Valley imported iron
technology from the Near East Region that enabled them to
benefit from the developments during Bronze Age until Iron
Age.
- invented metal tools used in homes, agriculture
and in building structures
 Egyptian Civilization

 Has contributed immensely and made significant advances in the

fields of astronomy, mathematics and medicine
 Used Empirical Method of Studying Science
1. Development of Geometry – to preserve layout and ownership of
farmlands of the and to build architectural structures in Egypt
2. Center of Alchemy (Ancient Chemistry)
3. Studied Human Anatomy and Pharmacology to treat diseases
4. Mathematics – good in four fundamental mathematical
operations and other mathematical skills
- have knowledge in basic concepts of Algebra
Writing System – Egyptian
Hieroglyphics