THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Muhammad Nauval
 RESPIRATION

The exchange of gases between the

atmosphere, lungs, blood, and tissues
 FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY
• Nose and nasal
cavity
• Pharynx
• Larynx
• Trachea
• Bronchial tree
• Lungs
• Diaphragm
Nose
Nose
Sinus paranasalis
Pharynx
Pharynx
Larynx
Larynx
Vocal Folds and Ligaments
Trachea and Bronchial Tree
Tracheal Anatomy
Tracheal Anatomy
Conducting Zones
 Gross Anatomy of Lungs
• Base, apex (cupula), costal surface, cardiac notch
• Oblique & horizontal fissure in right lung results in 3 lobes
• Oblique fissure only in left lung produces 2 lobes

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 Gross Anatomy of the Lungs
• Lungs occupy all of the thoracic cavity except the
mediastinum
– Root – site of vascular and bronchial attachments
– Costal surface – anterior, lateral, and posterior surfaces
in contact with the ribs
– Apex – narrow superior tip
– Base – inferior surface that rests on the diaphragm
– Hilus – indentation that contains pulmonary and
systemic blood vessels

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 Lungs
• Cardiac notch (impression) – cavity that
accommodates the heart
• Left lung – separated into upper and lower
lobes by the oblique fissure
• Right lung – separated into three lobes by
the oblique and horizontal fissures
• There are 10 bronchopulmonary segments
in each lung
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 Blood Supply to Lungs
• Lungs are perfused by two circulations:
pulmonary and bronchial
• Pulmonary arteries – supply systemic
venous blood to be oxygenated
– Branch profusely, along with bronchi
– Ultimately feed into the pulmonary capillary
network surrounding the alveoli
• Pulmonary veins – carry oxygenated blood
from respiratory zones to the heart 25
Bronchial Tree
Lower Bronchial Tree
Alveoli and Respiratory Membrane
Alveoli and Respiratory Membrane
Tissue Changes Summarized
– Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
– Simple columnar
– Cuboidal
– Smooth muscle
– Cartilage rings
– Cilia
– Simple squamous
The Lungs and Pleural Coverings
The Lungs and Pleural Coverings
RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY
 Pressures
• Atmospheric pressure

• Alveolar pressure
(intrapulmonary pressure)

• Intrapleural pressure

• Boyle’s Law
– More volume=less pressure
– Less volume=more pressure
Thoracic Volume and Inspiration
Thoracic Volume and Expiration
 Respiratory Physiology
• Pulmonary Ventilation =
breathing
– Mechanism
• Movement of gases
through a pressure
gradient - hi to low.
• When atmospheric
pressure (760 mmHg)
is greater than lung
pressure ---- air flows
in = inspiration.
• When lung pressure is
greater than
atmospheric pressure
---- air flows out =
expiration.
 Respiratory Physiology
• Pressure gradients are established by changes in
thoracic cavity.
– increase size in thorax = a decrease in pressure --- air
moves in.
– Decrease size in thorax = increase in pressure --- air
moves out.
http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/301notes6.htm
 Inspiration
-contraction of diaphragm and
intercostal muscles
 Expiration
• relaxation of diaphragm and
intercostal muscles
Changes in Thoracic Volumes
 Factors Influencing Pulmonary
Ventilation

• Airway Resistance

• Surface Tension

• Lung Compliance
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
Volumes and Capacities
Volumes and Capacities
 Dead Space
• Anatomical dead space

• Alveolar dead space

• Total dead space

Non-Respiratory Air Movements
 Regulation of Respiration
• Medullary respiratory
center
– Dorsal respiratory center
(DRC)
– Ventral respiratory center
(VRC)

• Pontine center
formerly called the
Pneumotaxic center

• Hypothalamus
Gas Transport
Basic Properties of Gases

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

Partial Pressure and Gas Exchange
At the Lungs
At the Tissues
Factors Influencing Gas Transport
and Hemoglobin Saturation
Factors Influencing Gas Transport
and Hemoglobin Saturation
Factors Affecting Breathing
Rate and Depth
 Homeostatic Imbalances of the
Respiratory System
• Sinusitis • Emphysema
• Laryngitis • Chronic bronchitis
• Pleurisy • Asthma
• Atelectasis • Tuberculosis
• Pneumothorax • Cystic fibrosis
• Dyspnea • Pulmonary embolism
• Pneumonia • Sleep apnea
• Infant respiratory distress • Hypoxia
syndrome (IRDS)