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AP 151
Membrane Transport
• Plasma membrane is selectively permeable
– Impermeable membrane - membrane though which nothing can
pass
– Freely permeable membrane - any substance can pass through it
– Selectively permeable membrane - permits free passage of some
materials and restricts passage of others
• Distinction may be based on size, electrical charge, molecular shape,
lipid solubility
• Cells differ in their permeabilities; depending on
– what lipids and proteins are present in the membrane and
– how these components are arranged.
2
Membrane Permeability
• Passage across the membrane is either passive or active
– Passive transport requires no ATP
• movement down concentration gradient
• filtration and simple diffusion
–Active transport requires ATP
• movement against concentration gradient
• carrier mediated
• vesicular transport
3
Types of Transport Processes
• Diffusion
– results from random motion of particles (ions, molec.)
– is a passive process
• Carrier-mediated transport
– Requires the presence of specialized integral proteins
– Can be passive or active
• Vesicular transport
– Movment of materials with small membranous sacs, or
vesicles
– Always an active process
4
Membrane Permeability
• Diffusion through lipid bilayer
– Nonpolar, hydrophobic substances diffuse through
lipid layer; these are “lipid soluble” or lipophilic
(fat-loving) substances
• Diffusion through channel proteins
– water and charged hydrophilic solutes diffuse
through channel proteins; these are lipid insoluble
or lipophobic (fat fearing) substances
• Cells control permeability by regulating number of
channel proteins
5
Simple Diffusion
• Net movement of particles from area of
high concentration to area of low
concentration
– due to their constant, random motion
– Difference between the high and low
concentrations is a concentration gradient
– Diffusion tends to eliminate the gradient
– Also known as movement “down the concentra-
tion gradient”
6
Diffusion
• Examples:
– Scent of fresh flowers, drop of ink coloring
a glass of water, movement of oxygen and
CO2 through cell membranes
7
Factors that Influence Diffusion Rates
• Distance -
– The shorter the distance, the more quickly [ ] gradients are
eliminated
– Few cells are father than 125 microns from a blood vessel
• Molecular Size
– Ions and small molecules diffuse more rapidly
• Temperature -
– temp., motion of particles
• Steepness of concentrated gradient -
– The larger the [ ] gradient, the faster diffusion proceeds
• Membrane surface area -
– The larger the area, the faster diffusion proceed
8
Diffusion Across Membranes
• Simple Diffusion
– Lipophilic substances can enter cells easily because
they diffuse through the lipid portion of the
membrane
• Examples are fatty acids, steroids, alcohol, oxygen, carbon
dioxide, and urea,
• Channel-Mediated Diffusion
– Membrane channels are transmembrane proteins
• Only 0.8 nm in diameter
– Used by ions, very small water-soluble compounds
– Much more complex than simple diffusion
• Are there enough channels available?
• Size and charge of the ion affects which channels it can
pass through
9
Diffusion Through the Plasma
Membrane
10
Figure 3.7
Effect of Membrane Permeability on
Diffusion
11 3.8a
Figure
Osmosis: A Special Case of Diffusion
• Each solute in the intra- and extracellular fluids
diffuses as if it were the only material in solution.
– From more to less, i.e., down the [ ] gradient
– Some into the cytosol, others out of the cytosol
– Yet, total concentration of ions and molecules on either
side of the membrane stays the same
– This equilibrium persists because a typical cell membrane
is freely permeable to water.
• Whenever a solute concentration gradient exist, a
concentration gradient for water also exists.
– Thus, the higher the solute concentration, the lower the
water concentration.
12
Osmosis - By Definition
• Movement of water
• Across a selectively permeable membrane
• Down its concentration gradient (from high to low
concentration)
• Toward the solution containing the higher solute
concentration
– This solution has a lower water concentration
– Continues until water concentrations and solute concen-
trations are the same on either side of the membrane
13
Effect of Membrane Permeability on
Diffusion and Osmosis
14 3.8b
Figure
Osmolarity and Tonicity
• Mole - the gram molecular weight of a substance
– 1 mole of Glucose =180; 1 mole of NaCl = 58.5
• Molarity - the number of moles of solute per liter of solution
– 1.0 M glucose contains 180 g/L; 1.0 M NaCl contains 58.5 g/L
– Most body fluids are less concentrated than 1 M; use mM
(millimolar) or µM (micromolar) concentrations --10-3 and 10-6,
respectively.
• Osmolarity = the total solute concentration in an aqueous solution
– Osmolarity = molarity (mol/L) x # of particles in solutions
• A 1 M Glucose solution = 1 Osmolar (Osm)
• But a 1 M NaCl soln = 2 Osmolar because NaCl dissociates
into 2 particles (Na and Cl) whereas Glucose does not
• A 1 M MgCl2 solution = what osmolarity???? __________
• Physiological solutions are expressed in milliosmoles per liter
(mOsm/L)
– blood plasma = 300 mOsm/L or 0.3 Osm/L
15
Tonicity
• Tonicity - ability of a solution to affect fluid volume and
pressure within a cell
– depends on concentration and permeability of solute
• Isotonic solution
– solution with the same solute concentration as that of the cytosol;
normal saline
• Hypotonic solution
– lower concentration of nonpermeating solutes than that of the cytosol
(high water concentration)
– cells absorb water, swell and may burst (lyse)
• Hypertonic solution
– has higher concentration of nonpermeating solutes than that of the
cytosol (low water concentration)
– cells lose water + shrivel (crenate)
16
Osmosis and Cells
• Important because large volume changes caused by
water movement disrupt normal cell function
• Cell shrinkage or swelling
– Isotonic: cell neither shrinks nor swells
– Hypertonic: cell shrinks (crenation)
– Hypotonic: cell swells (lysis)
17
Effects of Tonicity on RBCs
19
Carrier Mediated Transport
• Many molecules cannot enter or leave cell by
diffusion
• CMT utilizes proteins to carry solutes across cell
membrane
• Characteristics of mediated transport:
1. Specificity - each transport protein binds to and
transports only a single type of molecule or ion
2. Competition - results from similar molecules binding
to the same protein.
3. Saturation - rate of movement of molecules is limited
by the number of available transport proteins
20
Membrane Carriers
• Uniporter
– carries only one solute at a time
• Symport
– carries 2 or more solutes simultaneously in same
direction (cotransport)
• Antiport
– carries 2 or more solutes in opposite directions
(countertransport)
• sodium-potassium pump brings in K+ and removes Na+ from
cell
• Any carrier type can use either facilitated
diffusion or active transport
21
1. When the concentration of x
molecules outside the cell is low, the
23
CMT: Active Transport
• Uses ATP to move solutes across a membrane
• It is not dependent on a [ ] gradient
– Can move substances against their [ ] gradients -
i.e. from lower to higher concentrations! Wow!
– Allows for greater accumulation of a substance on
one side of the membrane than on the other.
• Carrier proteins utilized called ion or
exchange pumps.
– Ion pumps: actively transport Na+, K+, Ca++, Cl-
– Exchange pumps: Na+-K+ pump
24
Types of Active Transport
25 3.11
Figure
K+
Sodium-Potassium Pump
is released
6 and Na+ Extracellular Binding1of cytoplasmic Na+ to the pump
sites are ready to bind fluid protein stimulates phosphorylation by ATP.
Na+ again; the cycle
repeats.
Cytoplasm
2
Phosphorylation causes the
protein to change its shape.
Concentration gradients
of K+ and Na+
5 3
The shape change expels Na+ to the
Loss of phosphate restores the outside, and extracellular K+ binds.
original conformation of the 4
pump protein.
K+ binding triggers release of the
phosphate group.
26
Figure 3.10
Functions of Na+ -K+ Pump
• Regulation of cell volume
– “fixed anions” attract cations causing osmosis
– cell swelling stimulates the Na+- K+ pump to
ion concentration, osmolarity and cell swelling
• Heat production (thyroid hormone increase # of
pumps; heat a by-product)
• Maintenance of a membrane potential in all cells
– pump keeps inside negative, outside positive
• Secondary active transport (No ATP used)
– steep concentration gradient of Na+ and K+ maintained
across the cell membrane
– carriers move Na+ with 2nd solute easily into cell
• SGLT saves glucose in kidney 27
• Ions or molecules move in
same (symport) or different
Secondary •
(antiport) direction.
Is the movement of glucose a
symporter example or an
Active Transport •
antiporter example?
This example shows
cotransport of Na+ and
glucose.
1. A sodium-potassium
exchange pump maintains
a concentration of Na that
is higher outside the cell
than inside. Active
transport.
2. Na moves back into the cell
by a carrier protein that
also moves glucose. The
concentration gradient for
Na provides the energy
required to move glucose
against its concentration
gradient.
28
Vesicular Transport
• Transport large particles or fluid droplets through
membrane in vesicles
– uses ATP
• Exocytosis –transport out of cell
• Endocytosis –transport into cell
– phagocytosis – engulfing large particles
– pinocytosis – taking in fluid droplets
– receptor mediated endocytosis – taking in specific
molecules bound to receptors
29
Vesicular Transport
Endocytosis
• Packaging of extracellular materials in vesicles
at the cell surface
• Involves relatively large volumes of extracellular
material
• Requires energy in the form of ATP
• Three major types
1. Receptor-mediated endocytosis
2. Pinocytosis
3. Phagocytosis
30
Receptor Mediated Endocytosis
• A selective process
• Involves formation of vesicles at surface of
membrane
– Vesicles contain receptors on their membrane
– Vesicles contain specific target molecule in
high concentration
• Clathrin-coated vesicle in cytoplasm
– uptake of LDL from bloodstream
– If receptors are lacking, LDL’s accumulate and
hypercholesterolemia develops
31
Receptor Mediated Endocytosis
32
Vesicular Transport
Pinocytosis or “Cell-Drinking”
• Taking in droplets of ECF
– occurs in all human cells
• Not as selective as ‘receptor-mediated
endocytosis’
• Membrane caves in, then pinches off
into the cytoplasm as pinocytotic vesicle
33
Vesicular Transport
Phagocytosis or “Cell-Eating”
34
Keeps tissues free of debris and infectious microorganisms.
Vesicular Transport: Exocytosis
• Secreting material or replacement of plasma
membrane
35
Passive Membrane Transport
– Review -
Process Energy Source Example
Movement of O2 through
Simple diffusion Kinetic energy
membrane
36
Active Membrane Transport –
Review
37