Introduction to Analytical

Chemistry
Prepared by: Jade Juegos
 Chapter 1

 Introduction to Analytical Chemistry
 Role and importance of Analytical Chemistry in
Various Aspect of Life
 Classification of Analyses
 Classification of Analytes
Introduction to Analytical Chemistry


 Analytical Chemistry- It is a branch of Science that
deals with the separation and analysis of chemical
substances.
 it is the science of obtaining, processing, and
communicating information about the composition
and structure of matter.
Introduction to Analytical Chemistry


 Division of Analytical Chemistry

1. Qualitative analysis – deals with the determination of

the actual constituent present in a given substance or
sample.

2. Quantitative analysis - deals with the determination

of the amount of constituent present in a sample.
 Role and importance of Analytical
Chemistry in Various Aspect of Life

1. Establishing Economic value
2. Determining Health Hazards
3. Diagnosing Disease
4. Controlling Quality
5. Relating properties to Composition and Structure
6. Conducting Research
Classification of Method of Analysis

 Gravimetric Method of Analysis
 Volumetric/Titration Method of Analysis
 Instrumental Method of Analysis
Classification of Method of Analysis

 Gravimetric Method of Analysis – Determination of
the mass of a substance through precipitation.

Criteria must be met;

 The ion being analyzed must be completely
precipitated.
 The precipitate must be a pure compound.
 The precipitate must be easily filtered
Classification of Method of Analysis

 Gravimetric Method of Analysis
Add precipitating
agent

Put the unknown

sample and
Dissolved it Heat the solution
(optional)
Classification of Method of Analysis

 Calculation Involving in Gravimetric Method;
 Mass of sample of unknown chloride after drying: 0.0984 g
Mass of AgCl precipitate: 0.2290 g

 How much percent of Chlorine in the sample?

 57.57% Cl in unknown chloride sample

Classification of Method of Analysis

 Volumetric/ Titrimetric Method of Analysis -this
method involves the measurement of volume of a
solution of known concentration which is used to
determine the concentration of the analyte

Before After
Titration Titration
Classification of Method of Analysis

 Volumetric Analysis Acid-Base Titration
 For example: The acid-base titration between HCl
(strong acid) and NaOH (strong base) in which
phenolphthalein indicator is used.

Chemical reaction - HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O

Classification of Method of Analysis

 Titrant – substance used which have a known
concentration that easily reacts with the analyte.

 Analyte - a substance whose chemical constituents

are being identified and measured

 End point - refers to the point at which the indicator

changes colour in a colourimetric titration.
Classification of Method of Analysis


Classification of Method of Analysis

 Sample Titration Set-up:
Classification of Method of Analysis

 Sample problem: 20 ml of HCl acid is put into
volumetric flask and it is added with
phenolphthalein (indicator). The titrant used is 50
ml NaOH with 0.150 Molarity. What is the
Concentration of HCl acid in the solution?
Classification of Method of Analysis

 Instrument Method of Analysis - same as those of
qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis; the
difference is that instrumental techniques are used
instead.
 Emission Spectrometry
 Electrochemistry;
 Chromatography.
Classification of Method of Analysis

Gas Chromatography
 Classification of Analyses

 Based on the extend of Analysis
 Based on the size of sample available for analysis
 Classification of Analyses

 Based on the extend of Analysis
 Complete Analysis –Amount of each constituent
(Compounds) of the sample is determined
quantitatively.
 Classification of Analyses

 Based on the extend of Analysis
 Ultimate Analysis – amount of each element is
determined.
 Ex. Iron ore composition
 Classification of Analyses

 Based on the extend of Analysis
 Proximate or Partial Analysis – amount of
selected constituent in a sample is determined.
 Classification of Analyses

 Based on the size of sample available for analysis

Analysis Mass Volume of

Sample Sample
Macro >100 >100 µL
Semi-micro 10-100 50-100 µL
Micro 1-10 <50 µL
Ultra-micro <1 ----
 Classification of Analytes (Desired
Constituent)

Analyte % Sample
Major Constituent >1 % of the sample
Minor Constituent 0.01 – 1% of the
sample
Trace Constituent 0.001 – 0.01 of the
sample
Ultra-trace <0.001 of the sample
Constituent
 Steps in Typical Quantitative
Analysis

 1. Selecting a method of analysis
 2. Sampling
 3. Conversion of analyte into a form suitable for
measurement. (moisture det. Dissolving samples,
and elimination of interference)
 4. measurement of the property of the analyte
 5. Calculation and interpretations.
 Errors in Chemical Analysis

 1. Systematic Errors
 2. Random (indeterminate) Error.
 3. Gross Careless Error
 
 Systematic Errors.
 May arise from;
1. Instrument Errors.
2. Method Errors.
3. Personal/Human Errors.
 
 Random ( Indeterminate) Error
 May arise from;
1. Uncontrollable Variables
2. Extension of Measurements to its maximum
sensitivity.
 
 Gross Careless Error
 May arise from:
1. Mistakes that are not repeated in similar
determinations
2. Recording of wrong value
 Statistical Treatment of Analytical
Data

 Central Tendency
1. Mean
2. Median
 Precision – describes the reproducibility of
measurements. The closeness of data to other data.
1. Standard Deviation (s)
2. Variance (s2)
3. Relative Standard Deviation (RSD)
4. Coefficient of Variation (CV)
5. Spread or Range (w)
 
 Accuracy – Closeness of measurement to its true
value or accepted value
 Absolute Error
 Relative Error