PREVIEWS

OF BIOLOGY
ANIMATIONS
 DNA
The Molecule of Life
 UNIT 1
Introduction to DNA
 DNA – The Molecule of Life
What is DNA made up of ?

What results if a DNA molecule like this

is broken down?
 DNA – The Molecule of Life

DNA is found to be made of three

types of molecules:
DNA – The Molecule of Life

Sugar

This is a special
type of sugar called
deoxyribose
 DNA – The Molecule of Life

Phosphate

Similar to the chemicals used

as fertilisers to grow plants
DNA – The Molecule of Life

Base

D
O
O
M

Similar to the chemicals

used in insecticides –
NITROGENOUS BASE
 DNA – The Molecule of Life

SUMMARY: DNA is made of

three types of molecules

Sugar

Phosphate

Nitrogenous Base
 DNA
UNIT 2
Chemistry and Structure
 DNA
Fully details of base
combinations and
animation of molecule
built up – see preview
slides
 There are four
different bases.

The sugar and

phosphates are the
same throughout the
DNA molecule but …
 When bases combine ..

A two ringed base

always links to
a one ringed
base
Adenine Thymine
Adenine
A T always joins
to Thymine
C

A The
polynucleotide
chain now with
T the four
different bases

G
 DNA
UNIT 3
DNA Replication
DNA replication

When a cell
divides, the DNA
needs to be
copied so that
each new cell has
the same DNA as
the parent cell
DNA replication
This process is fully
animated at nucleotide
level.
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Protein synthesis
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Reproduction
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PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Introduction and
Overview
 Protein Synthesis
How DNA directs how proteins are made
 The variety of
life on earth is
due to different
proteins.
Protein Synthesis

You are different

from the people
around you because
your proteins are
different.
Protein Synthesis
The Detailed Process
 TRANSCRIPTION
A piece of DNA that codes for a
protein is copied into mRNA
 T
R
A
N
Part of the S
DNA C
molecule is R
unzipped by I
an enzyme P
T
I
O
N
 T
R
A
N
S
C
DNA R
separates I
P
T
I
O
N
 T
R
A
N
T A S
U
A
C G
A piece of C
A U DNA from R
A U
A U one side is I
A U copied into P
G C
C G mRNA T
G C
G C
I
T A O
N
 T
R
A
mRNA N
T A separates S
A U
C G from DNA C
A U R
A U
A U A U G U U U U C G C C A I
A
G
U
C
P
C G T
G C
G C
I
T A O
N
T
A
C
A
A
A A U G U U U U C G C C A
A
G
C
G
G
T
 mRNA moves
out of the
nucleus to a
ribosome in
T
A
the cytoplasm
C
A
A
A A U G U U U U C G C C A
A
G
C
G
G
ribosome
T
 TRANSLATION

The ribosome encodes

mRNA to form a new
protein
Thumbnails of Slides
MEIOSIS – Preview
Prophase

Centrioles
Chromosomes
move
Then
appear
Nuclearto
as
poles
homologous
double
envelope
and spindle
(similar)
stranded
disperses
fibres form
Chromosomes
structures
Nucleolus
pair up
disperses
REPRODUCTION
Preview
The male reproductive
system
 How the male system works
Sperm cells are transported
through the vas deferens

Seminal vesicle, Sperm cells

prostate and are stored in
Cowper’s glands the epididymis
add fluid to
sperm cells to
Semen released
form semen
from erect penis
on intercourse
The testes are packed
with seminiferous tubules
where sperm cells are
produced by meiosis
The path of urine

Urine is released
from the bladder
and passes out
through the
urethra
Male Sterilisation

VASECTOMY – piece of vas

deferens removed. Testes
still functions producing
testosterone. Sexual function
continues but semen
contains no sperm cells

CASTRATION– Entire testes

are removed and results in
the loss of both sperm and
testosterone production
Sperm Cell
Middle piece contains many
mitochondria to provide energy
for swimming
Nucleus contains a haploid
set of chromosomes
H
E
Acrosome contains enzymes A
to help dissolve the outer layer D
of the egg to enable the sperm
to enter

Tail moves to propel sperm

through the female tract
REPRODUCTION
SLIDE PREVIEW
 PREVIEW of
The female
reproductive system
including a full
Animation of the
Menstrual Cycle
The female reproductive system
FRONT VIEW
Fallopian tube lined with cilia to
move egg towards the uterus. Site
of fertilisation

FULL VERSION
INCLUDES
ALL LABELS AND
SIDE VIEW
 HUMAN
REPRODUCTION
UNIT 2
The Menstrual Cycle
 The Parts of the Menstrual Cycle

Pituitary
Gland

At the base of the brain

Ovary

Endometrium

Lining the uterus

 There are two main events in the
28 day cycle:
OVULATION:
Release of the egg
from the ovary in
the middle of the
cycle (DAY 14)
FULL VERSION
MENSTRUATION: Shedding and release of
INCLUDES
uterus wall at the beginning
STEP BYofSTEP
the cycle
ANIMATION OF
THE CYCLE

DAY 1 4 14 28
 HUMAN
REPRODUCTION
UNIT 3
Fertilization and
Development
Fertilisation in the fallopian tube

• An egg cell is released from the ovary.

• Sperm cells are released into the vagina during
intercourse and travel through the uterus and
up the fallopian tube.
• One egg and sperm fuse to form a 2n zygote
How the placenta works

Part of the placenta enlarged

FULL VERSION INCLUDES
DETAILS OF
FERTILIZATION,
DEVELOPMENT AND
ROLE OF PLACENTA
PREVIEW OF
PART 2
Angiosperm
Reproduction
Reproduction in plants
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Petal: Coloured and

scented to attract
pollenators
Receptacle:
base of Stamen: male part
flower that of flower
bears all
flower parts Carpel: female part
of flower
Double Fertilisation

The other sperm fuses

with the polar nuclei to
form a triploid (3n)
endosperm.
One sperm fuses with
the egg to form a
The tube nucleus
diploid (2n) zygote
disintergrates
FULL VERSION INCLUDES
DETAILS OF
FLOWER STRUCTURE
AND FULL ANIMATION
OF DOUBLE
FERTILIZATION