Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
By Amit Verma
Assistant Professor – senior scale
a.verma@ddn.upes.ac.in
Outlines
P kh
Flow rate without skin = 141.2µB(ln re/rw )
Skin Factor and Flow Efficiency
ln re/rw
Flow Efficiency = ln re/rw +s
Assuming rw = .229 ´
Assuming re = 700 ´
8
Flow Efficiency = 8 +s
Skin Factor and Flow Efficiency
Skin Flow
Skin Factor Range Efficiency
-6 400%
2 80%
- 6 in a well with a 6 57.1%
large fracture in a 12 40%
reservoir 30 21.1%
Skin Factor and Flow Efficiency
Underbalanced
perforating creates
immediate flow
which assists removal
of crushed rock ,
charge debris and
explosive gases from
the formation.
Formation Damage Mechanism
Absolute Permeability Reduction
Particle plugging
Clay swelling
Clay/fines migration
Precipitation
Compaction
Particle Plugging
Absolute
Fine Migration
Fine Migration
The movement of fine clay, quartz particles or similar materials within the reservoir
formation due to drag forces during production. Fines migration may result from an
unconsolidated or inherently unstable formation, or from use of an incompatible
treatment fluid that liberates fine particles.
Unlike sand migration that is best stabilized, the material mobilized in fines
migration should be produced to avoid near-wellbore damage. Fines migration
causes particles suspended in the produced fluid to bridge the pore throats near the
wellbore, reducing well productivity.
Fines can include different materials such as clays (phyllosilicates smaller than 4
microns) and silts (silicates or aluminosilicates with sizes ranging from 4 to 64
microns). Kaolinite and illite are the most common migrating clays.
Damage created by fines usually is located within a radius of 3 to 5 ft [1 to 2 m] of
the wellbore, but can also occur in gravel-pack completions. In sandstone
formations, hydrofluoric acid [HF] mixtures are used to dissolve fines. In carbonate
formations, the goal is not to dissolve but rather to disperse fines in the wormholes,
so hydrochloric [HCl] acid is used as the treatment fluid.
Wellbore Filter Cakes
Fluid Viscosity
Methods to Evaluate Formation
Damage
Damage in Well Operation
Approach to Mitigating Damage
Formation Damage
Real Pseudo
Damage Damage
Contractual pressures
Overbalance relates to uncertainty in
pore pressures
Mud engineering is critical
Hole cleaning – exacerbated by hole angle
Horizontal Wells and the Impact of
Damage
Greater Exposure
time while drilling