Complex Variable and

Transform
Chapter 1 and 2
Application-AC Analysis
AC Circuit

DC Circuit and Waveform

 AC Circuit
AC Circuit AC Waveform
 Sine Wave
The time taken for an AC Waveform to complete one full
pattern from its positive half to its negative half and back to its
zero baseline again is called a Cycle and one complete cycle
contains both a positive half-cycle and a negative half-cycle.
The time taken by the waveform to complete one full cycle is
called the Periodic Time of the waveform, and is given the
symbol “T”.

The number of complete cycles that are produced within one

second (cycles/second) is called the Frequency, symbol ƒ of the
alternating waveform. Frequency is measured in Hertz, ( Hz )
 Sine Wave
Angular Velocity of a Sinusoidal Waveform
Phase Difference
Phase Difference
Phase Difference
Phasor
Phasor
Phasor
AC Resistance and Impedance
AC Resistance and Impedance
 AC Inductance and Impedance
𝐿 𝑅
𝑉𝑅 + 𝑉𝐿 = 𝑉
𝑑𝐼
𝑅𝐼 + 𝐿 = 𝑉0 cos 𝑤𝑡
𝑑𝑡

Differential Equations
𝑉0 cos 𝑤𝑡
𝑉0 𝑤𝐿
𝐼𝐿 = . co𝑠 𝑤𝑡 − tan−1
𝑅2 + 𝑤 2 𝐿2 𝑅

𝑍 = 𝑍 ∠𝜃
𝑤𝐿
𝑍 = 𝑅2 + 𝑤 2 𝐿2 𝜃= tan−1
𝑅
 AC Inductance and Impedance
𝑉0 (𝑤𝐿) −1
𝑤𝐿
𝑉𝐿 = . cos 𝑤𝑡 + 90 − tan
𝑅2 + 𝑤 2 𝐿2 𝑅

𝑉0 (𝑅) 𝑤𝐿
𝑉𝑅 = . cos 𝑤𝑡 − tan−1
𝑅2 + 𝑤 2 𝐿2 𝑅
𝑍 = 𝑍𝑅 + 𝑍𝐿

𝑍 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑤𝐿
 AC Capacitance and Impedance
𝐶 𝑅
𝑉𝑅 + 𝑉𝐶 = 𝑉
𝑑𝑞 1
𝑅 + 𝑞 = 𝑉0 cos 𝑤𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝐶
Differential Equations
𝑉0 cos 𝑤𝑡
𝑉0 −1
1Τ𝑤𝐶
𝐼𝐶 = . co𝑠 𝑤𝑡 + tan
𝑅2 + 1Τ𝑤𝐶 2 𝑅

𝑍 = 𝑍 ∠−𝜃

1Τ𝑤𝐶
𝑍 = 𝑅2 + 1Τ𝑤𝐶 2
𝜃 = tan −1
𝑅
 AC Capacitance and Impedance
𝑉0 1Τ𝑤𝐶 1Τ𝑤𝐶
𝑉𝐶 = . co𝑠 𝑤𝑡 − 90 + tan−1
𝑅2 + 1Τ𝑤𝐶 2 𝑅

𝑉0 𝑅 1Τ𝑤𝐶
𝑉𝑅 = . co𝑠 𝑤𝑡 + tan−1
𝑅2 + 1Τ𝑤𝐶 2 𝑅 𝑍 = 𝑍𝑅 + 𝑍𝐶

1
𝑍=𝑅+
𝑗𝑤𝐶
AC Impedance
 AC Impedance
𝑍𝑅 = 𝑅 + 𝑗0 𝑍𝑅 = 𝑅∠0

1 1
𝑍𝐶 = 0 + 𝑗𝑤𝐶 𝑍𝐶 = 𝑤𝐶 ∠ − 90

𝑍𝐿 = 0 + 𝑗𝑤𝐿 𝑍𝐿 = 𝑤𝐿∠90
 AC Impedance
1
𝑍𝑅𝐶 = 𝑍𝑅 + 𝑍𝑐 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑤𝐶 𝑍𝑅𝐶 = 𝑍𝑅𝐶 ∠θ

1Τ𝑤𝐶
𝑍𝑅𝐶 = 𝑅2 + 1Τ𝑤𝐶 2
𝜃= tan−1
𝑅

𝑍𝑅𝐿 = 𝑍𝑅 + 𝑍𝑐 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑤𝐿 𝑍𝑅𝐿 = 𝑍𝑅𝐿 ∠θ

𝑤𝐿
𝑍𝑅𝐿 = 𝑅2 + 𝑤 2 𝐿2 𝜃= tan−1
𝑅
 Complex Forms
𝑍 = 𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦 Cartesian

𝑍 = 𝑍 ∠𝜃 Polar (Phasor)

𝑍 = 𝑍 ∠𝑒 𝑗𝜃 Polar (Exponential)

𝑍 = 𝑍 cos 𝜃 + 𝑗 sin 𝜃 Polar (Sinusoidal)

 AC Impedance
Question. A series RLC circuit containing a 12Ω 100uF
resistance of 12Ω, an inductance of 0.15H and a
capacitor of 100uF are connected in series across
0.15H
a 50Hz supply. Calculate the total circuit
impedance. Express all of its forms
Solution.
Step 1 Find Reactance
1 1
𝑋𝑐 = = = 31.83 Ω
𝑤𝐶 2𝜋𝑓𝐶

𝑋𝐿 = 𝑤𝐿 = 2𝜋𝐿 = 47.13 Ω
 AC Impedance
Step 2 Find Impedance

𝑍 = 𝑍𝑅 + 𝑍𝑐 + 𝑍𝐿
𝑍 = 𝑍𝑅 − 𝑗𝑋𝑐 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿
𝑍 = 12 − 31.83𝑗 + 47.13j

𝑍 = 12 + 15.3𝑗 Ω

Step 3 Find Complex Forms

𝑍 = 122 + 15.32 = 19.44

15.3
𝜃= tan−1 = 0.91
12
 AC Impedance
𝑍 = 19.44 ∠0.91 Ω
𝑍 = 19.44 𝑒 𝑗0.91 Ω
𝑍 = 19.44 cos 0.91 + 𝑗 sin 0.91 Ω
 AC Impedance
Question. A 50Ω resistor, a 20mH coil and a 5uF capacitor
are all connected in parallel across a 50V, 100Hz supply.
20mH 5uF 50Ω
Calculate the total impedance of the circuit. Express all of
its forms

Solution.
Step 1 Find Reactance
1 1 1
𝑋𝑐 = = = −6
= 318.3 Ω
𝑤𝐶 2𝜋𝑓𝐶 2𝜋(100)(5 × 10 )

𝑋𝐿 = 𝑤𝐿 = 2𝜋𝐿 = 2𝜋(0.02) = 12.6 Ω

Step 2 Find Impedance
AC Impedance
1 1 1 1
= + +
𝑍 𝑍𝑅 𝑍𝑐 𝑍𝐿
1 1 1 1
= − +
𝑍 𝑍𝑅 𝑗𝑋𝑐 𝑗𝑋𝐿
1 1 𝑗 𝑗
= + −
𝑍 𝑍𝑅 𝑋𝑐 𝑋𝐿
1 1 𝑗 𝑗
= + −
𝑍 50 318.3 12.6
1
= 0.02 + 0.003𝑗 − 0.079𝑗
𝑍
1
= 0.02 − 0.076𝑗
𝑍
 AC Impedance
1 1 0.02 + 0.076𝑗
𝑍= = ×
0.02 − 0.076𝑗 0.02 − 0.076𝑗 0.02 + 0.076𝑗
0.02 0.076𝑗
𝑍= 2 2
+
0.02 + 0.076 0.022 + 0.0762
0.02 0.076𝑗
𝑍= +
0.006 0.006
𝑍 = 3.23 + 12.3𝑗 Ω
Step 3 Find Complex Forms
𝑍 = 3.232 + 12.32 = 12.72
12.3
𝜃= tan−1 = 1.31
3.23
 AC Impedance
𝑍 = 12.72∠1.31 Ω
𝑍 = 12.72𝑒 𝑗1.31 Ω
𝑍 = 12.72 cos 1.31 + 𝑗 sin 1.31 Ω
 AC Impedance 𝐶1 𝑅1 𝐿1

Question. Calculate the total impedance of the circuit.

Express all of its forms. Here angular frequency is 10 rad/s 𝐶2 𝑅2

Solution.
Step 1 Find Reactance
1
𝑋𝐶1 = = 50 Ω
𝑤𝐶1

𝑋𝐿1 = 𝑤𝐿1 = 20 Ω
1
𝑋𝐶2 = = 25 Ω
𝑤𝐶2
Step 2 Find Impedance
AC Impedance
𝑍𝑅2𝐿1 = 50 + 20𝑗

𝑍𝑅2𝐿1 × 𝑍𝐶2
𝑍𝑅2𝐿1𝐶2 =
𝑍𝑅2𝐿1 + 𝑍𝐶2

50 + 20𝑗 × −25𝑗
𝑍𝑅2𝐿1𝐶2 =
50 + 20𝑗 + −25𝑗
500 − 1250𝑗 50 + 5𝑗
𝑍𝑅2𝐿1𝐶2 = ×
50 − 5𝑗 50 + 5𝑗
25000 + 2500j−62500j + 6250
𝑍𝑅2𝐿1𝐶2 =
2525
 AC Impedance
𝑍𝑅2𝐿1𝐶2 = 12.38 − 23.76𝑗

𝑍𝑇 = 𝑍𝑅2𝐿1𝐶2 + 𝑅1 + 𝑍𝐶1
𝑍𝑇 = 12.38 − 23.76𝑗 + 20 − 𝑗50

𝑍𝑇 = 32.38 − 73.76𝑗 Ω

Step 3 Find Complex Forms

𝑍 = 32.382 + 73.762 = 80.55
−73.76
𝜃= tan−1 = −1.16 + 2𝜋 = 5.13
12.38
 AC Impedance
𝑍 = 80.55∠5.13Ω
𝑍 = 80.55𝑒 𝑗5.13 Ω
𝑍 = 80.55 cos 5.13 + 𝑗 sin 5.13 Ω
 Static Phasor
𝑒 𝑗𝑤𝑡 = cos 𝑤𝑡 + 𝑗 sin 𝑤𝑡

𝐑𝐞 𝑒 𝑗𝑤𝑡 = cos 𝑤𝑡

𝑉 𝑡 = 𝑉0 cos 𝑤𝑡 𝑉 𝑡 = 𝑉0 cos 𝑤𝑡 + 𝜃

𝑉 𝑡 = 𝑉0 𝐑𝐞 𝑒 𝑗𝑤𝑡 𝑉 𝑡 = 𝑉0 𝐑𝐞 𝑒 𝑗 𝑤𝑡+𝜃

𝑉 𝑗𝑤, 𝑡 = 𝑉0 𝑒 𝑗𝜃 . 𝑒 𝑗𝑤𝑡

Static Rotating
Phasor Phasor

𝑉 = 𝑉0 𝑒 𝑗𝜃 or 𝑉 = 𝑉0 ∠𝜃
Static Phasor
𝑉1 = 𝑉0 ∠0

𝑉2 = 𝑉0 ∠45

𝑉2 = 𝑉0 ∠ 𝜋Τ4
Static Phasor
𝑉1 = 𝑉0 ∠0

𝑉2 = 𝑉0 ∠ − 45

𝑉2 = 𝑉0 ∠ − 𝜋Τ4
 Static Phasor

𝑍𝑅 = 𝑅 ∠0 𝑍𝐿 = 𝑋𝐿 ∠𝜋/2 𝑍𝐶 = 𝑋𝐶 ∠ − 𝜋/2
𝑍𝐿 = 𝑋𝐿 ∠90 𝑍𝐶 = 𝑋𝐶 ∠ − 90
 AC Circuit
Question. A series RLC circuit containing a resistance of
12Ω, an inductance of 0.15H and a capacitor of 100uF are
connected in series across a 100V, 50Hz supply.
(a) Calculate the total circuit impedance. Express all of its
forms.
(b) Find Circuit Current.
(c) Find VR, VL and VC. Draw voltage phase diagram

Step 1 Find Reactance

1 1
𝑋𝑐 = = = 31.83 Ω
𝑤𝐶 2𝜋𝑓𝐶

𝑋𝐿 = 𝑤𝐿 = 2𝜋𝐿 = 47.13 Ω
 AC Circuit
Step 2 Find Impedance

𝑍 = 𝑍𝑅 + 𝑍𝑐 + 𝑍𝐿
𝑍 = 𝑍𝑅 − 𝑗𝑋𝑐 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿
𝑍 = 12 − 31.83𝑗 + 47.13j

𝑍 = 12 + 15.3𝑗 Ω

Step 3 Find Complex Forms

𝑍 = 122 + 15.32 = 19.44

15.3
𝜃= tan−1 = 0.91
12
 AC Impedance
𝑍 = 19.44 ∠0.91 Ω
𝑍 = 19.44 𝑒 𝑗0.91 Ω
𝑍 = 19.44 cos 0.91 + 𝑗 sin 0.91 Ω

Step 4 Find Current

𝑉 𝑉 ∠𝜃 100∠0
𝐼Ԧ = = = = 5.14∠ − 0.91 𝐴
𝑍Ԧ 𝑍 ∠𝜃 19.44∠0.91
= 5.14∠ − 0.91 𝐴
 AC Impedance
Step 5 Find Circuit Voltages

𝑉𝑅 = 𝐼.Ԧ 𝑍𝑅 = (5.14∠ − 0.91). 12∠0 = 61.7∠ − 0.91 𝑉

Ԧ 𝑍𝐿 = (5.14∠ − 0.91). (47.13∠1.57) = 242.2∠0.66 𝑉

𝑉𝐿 = 𝐼.

Ԧ 𝑍𝐶 = (5.14∠ − 0.91). (31.83∠−1.57) = 163.5∠ − 2.48 𝑉

𝑉𝐶 = 𝐼.
 AC Impedance
Step 6 Draw Voltage Phase Diagram

𝜃 = 9.1 𝑜𝑟
𝜃 = 52.1