What is Motivation

An inferred process within an

animal or an individual that
causes that organism to move
towards a goal
 Basic Concepts
• Motivation is the consequence of an interaction
between the individual and the situation. People
who are “motivated” exert a greater effort to
perform than those who are ‘not motivated’.
• Motivation is the willingness to do something. It is
conditioned by this action’s ability to satisfy some
need for the individual

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 How to achieve success
Responsibility –not blaming anything
Hard work – ready to work in any time
Character – values, beliefs & personality of you
Right time- ready to do at right time
Persistence- failing also a step to success
Creativity – excellence of his effort
Commitment – winning edge
Learning - life long process
Planning - exact
 Goal-Setting
Goals are desired result, purpose, or objective
that one strives to attain

Goals are:
Specific
Measurable
Attainable
Relevant/Realistic
Time-Oriented
Tangible
 Types of Goals

Short-term
A goal that can be achieved in a relative
short period of time
Ex: To complete the course
Long-term
A goal that takes a long period of time to
achieve
Ex: Great success in career
 Goal setting and analysis

Identify the goal – List all your dreams

Prepare a goal statement – Read one hour per day
Check your goals harms the interest of anybody
Goal is personal, positive, practical, flexiable, time
bound and measurable
Identify anybody has already achieved success
Focus on your most successful moments in life
Identify the internal and external obstacles in
achieving each goal
Con’t
 Focus on your most successful moments in life
Identify the qualities and behaviour required
to reach each goal
Identify the resources, people, materials and
institutions help you in achieving goal
Prepare a step plan to reach goal
Start implementing the plan of action
Review the progress
Analyse the reasons
Start behaving and acting as if you have already
achieved your goals
 Steps to achieving your goals
Your self in OK state
Really tapping into what really you want
Goal does not depend anyone to achieve it
Stand in accomplishment - step into time
If anything would make this more make it now
Think the significant people in your life
Realisation of this goal – to a higher goal
Imagine yourself having achieved the goal
Imagine what you want it to be
Willing to commit & to do.
Now do it
 Types of Motives

• Primary Motives

• General Motives

• Secondary Motives

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 Primary Motives
• Hunger
• Thirst
• Clothing
• Sleep
• Maternal concern

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 General Motives
• Motives which can not be termed primary or
secondary
• Primary needs try to reduce the tension or
stimulation whereas the general need induces
the individual to enhance the amount of
stimulation.
• Also called stimulus motives-Love ,concern
and affection.

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 Secondary Motives
• Learned drives become secondary
motives
• Includes
Curiosity
Manipulation

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 Motivational process

Unsatisfied need

Tension

Drives

Search behaviour

Goal achievement

Need satisfaction

Reduction of tension

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 Theories of Motivation
Some important theories:
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory
Mcclelland’s Achievement Motivation Theory
Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene theory
Expectancy Theory

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 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory
 Works on the assumption that the
behaviour of individuals at a particular
moment is usually determined by their
strongest need.
 Based on hypothesis that within every human
being there exists a hierarchy of five needs.

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 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Theory(contd)
Five needs:
 1. Physiological : Basic needs of hunger, thirst, shelter, sex and other
body needs.
 2. Safety: security and protection from physical and emotional harm
 3. Social: affection, belongingness, acceptance and friendship
 4. Esteem: Need for both self esteem(self respect, autonomy and
achievement) and external esteem (status, recognition and attention)
 5. Self-actualization the drive to become what one is capable of
becoming: includes growth, achieving one’s potential, self fulfillment.

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Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs

Self -
Actualization

Esteem needs

Belongingness & love needs

Safety needs

Physiological needs:
 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Lower-Order Needs Higher-Order Needs
Needs that are satisfied Needs that are satisfied
externally; physiological internally; social, esteem,
and safety needs. and self-actualization
Self needs.

Esteem

Social

Safety

Physiological
EXHIBIT
© 2007 Prentice Hall Inc. All 6–1
rights reserved.
Physiological needs
Hunger, thirst etc.,
Safety needs
To feel secure & safe, out of danger
Belongingness & love needs
Affiliate with others, be accepted & belong
Esteem needs
To achieve, be component, gain approval and
belong
Self-actualization needs
Self fulfillment & realize one’s potential
 Having Little Ambition

Theory X Disliking Work

Managers See Workers As…

Avoiding Responsibility

Self-Directed

Theory Y
Enjoying Work
Managers See Workers As…

Accepting Responsibility
© 2007 Prentice Hall Inc. All
rights reserved.
 Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory
Bottom Line: Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction are not
Opposite Ends of the Same Thing!

Hygiene
Factors: Separate constructs Motivators:
– Hygiene Factors---Extrinsic •Achievement
•Salary & Related to Dissatisfaction
•Work •Responsibility
Conditions – Motivation Factors--- •Growth
Intrinsic and Related to
•Company Satisfaction
Policies

© 2007 Prentice Hall Inc. All

rights reserved.
 Comparison of Satisfiers and
Dissatisfiers

Factors characterizing events on

the job that led to extreme job
dissatisfaction
Factors characterizing
events on the job that led
to extreme job satisfaction

Source: Reprinted by permission of Harvard Business Review. An exhibit from One More Time: How Do EXHIBIT
You Motivate Employees? by Frederick Herzberg, September–October 1987. Copyright © 1987 by the
© President
2007 and Fellows
Prentice HallofInc.
Harvard
All College: All rights reserved. 6–2
rights reserved.
 Mcclelland’s Achievement Motivation Theory

Based on recognition of three needs in work-

place situations:
 Need for achievement
 Need for affiliation
 Need for power

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 David McClelland’s Theory of
Needs
Need for Achievement Need for Affiliation
The drive to excel, to achieve The desire for friendly
in relation to a set of and close personal
standards, to strive to relationships.
succeed.

Need for Power Bottom Line: Individuals

The need to make others
behave in a way that they
would not have behaved
otherwise.
have different levels of
needs in each of these
areas, and those levels will
drive their behavior

© 2007 Prentice Hall Inc. All

rights reserved.
Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene theory
Based on the conclusion that people have two
different categories of needs:
• o Hygiene factors
•o Motivating factors

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 Expectancy Theory
This theory argues that the strength of a tendency to act in a
certain way depends on the strength of an expectation that the
act will be followed by a given outcome and on the
attractiveness of the outcome to the individual. It includes three
variables:

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 Expectancy Theory
• 1. Attractiveness: the importance that the individual places on the potential
outcome or reward that can be achieved on the job. This considers the unsatisfied
needs of the individual.
• 2. Performance-reward linkage: the degree to which the individual believes
that performing at a particular level will lead to the attainment of each job
outcome

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 Expectancy Theory
• 3. Effort –performance linkage: the perceived probability by the
individual that exerting a given amount of effort will lead to
performance.

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Motivation programmes for
employees
Monetary
Incentives
(Not so relevant
for
Government
employees)
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Motivation programmes for
employees

Non Financial
Motivation
Programmes

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Non Financial Motivation Programmes

• Employee recognition programmes

• Employee involvement programmes
• Employee participation
• Job enrichment and job excitement
• Delegation

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