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NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS 1
 ‘Turbo Machine’ is
defined as a device
that extracts energy from a
continuously flowing fluid by the dynamic
action of one or more rotating elements .

The prefix ‘turbo’ is a Latin word

meaning ‘spin’ or ‘whirl’ implying that
turbo machines rotate in some way.

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 Types of Turbines

1. Steam Turbines
2. Gas Turbines (Combustion Turbines)
3. Water (Hydraulic) Turbines

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VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS 3
 Steam Turbines
 A steam turbine is mainly used as an ideal prime mover in
which heat energy is transformed into mechanical energy in
the form of rotary motion.

 A steam turbine is used in

1. Electric power generation in thermal power plants.
2. Steam power plants.
3. To propel the ships, submarines.

In steam turbines, the heat energy of the steam is first conv

erted into kinetic (velocity) energy which in turn is transform
ed into mechanical energy of rotation and then drives the g
enerator for the power generation.
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Based on action of steam or type of expansion:
1. Impulse or velocity or De Laval turbine
2. Reaction or pressure or Parson’s turbine
3. Combination turbine
Based on number of stages:
1. Single stage turbine 2. Multi-stage turbine
Based on type of steam flow:
1. Axial flow turbine 2. Radial flow turbine

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VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS 5
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VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS 7
. The steam is made to fall
in its pressure by
expanding in a nozzle. Due
to this fall in pressure, a
certain amount of heat
energy is converted into
kinetic energy, which sets
the steam to flow with a
greater velocity.
The rapidly moving particles of the steam enter the
rotating part of the turbine, where it undergoes a
change in the direction of motion, which gives rise to a
change of momentum and therefore a force. This
constitutes the driving force of the turbine.
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VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS 8
Impulse Turbines(DeLaval Turbine)

In this type of turbine, steam is initially expanded in a

nozzle from high pressure to low pressure. High velocity jet of
steam coming out of the nozzle is made to glide over a curved
vane, called ‘Blade’.

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 Blade shapes of reaction turbines
are designed in such a way that the
steam flowing between the blades will
be subjected to the nozzle effect.
Hence, the pressure of the steam
drops continuously as it flows over
the blades causing, simultaneous
increase in the velocity of the steam.

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NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS 10
Reaction force:
is due to the change in mo
mentum relative velocity of t
he steam while passing ove
r the blade passage.
Centrifugal force:
is the force acting on the bla
de due to change in radius
of steam entering and leavi
ng the turbine.
Resultant force:
is the resultant of Reaction f
orce and Centrifugal force.
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Difference between Impulse & Reaction Turbines
Impulse Turbine Reaction Turbine
The steam expands (pressure d The steam expands both in the
rops) completely in nozzles or i fixed and moving blades contin
n the fixed blades uously as it flows over them

The blades have symmetrical pr The blades have converging (ae

ofile of uniform section rofoil) profile

The steam pressure while passi The steam pressure while passi
ng over the blades remains con ng over the blades gradually dr
stant ops
Because of large initial pressur Because of gradual pressure dr
e drop, the steam and turbine s op, the steam and turbine spee
peeds are very high ds are low
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VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS 12
 Compounding of Impulse Turbines
As the complete expansion of steam takes in one
stage (i.e., the entire pressure drop from high pressure t
o low pressure takes place in only one set of nozzles), the
turbine rotor rotates at very high speed of about 3
0,000 rpm (K.E. is fully absorbed).

High speed poses number of technical difficultie

s like destruction of machine by the large centrif
ugal forces developed, increase in vibrations, qui
ck overheating of blades, impossibility of direct co
upling to other machines, etc.
To overcome the above difficulties, the expansio
n of steam is performed in several stages.
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VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS 13
Utilization of the high pressure energy of the steam by ex
panding it in successive stages is called Compounding.

Methods of Compounding:
Velocity compounding (Curtis Impulse Turbine)
Pressure compounding
Pressure-velocity compounding

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VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS 15
 A Gas turbine uses the hot gases of combustion directly to prod
uce the mechanical power.

Fuels used - Kerosene, coal, coal gas, bunker oil, gasoline, pro
ducer gas, etc.,

Classification:
1. Open cycle gas turbine
2. Closed cycle gas turbine

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VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS 16
 Applications
Gas turbines are used in:
Electric power generation plants
Steel, oil and chemical industries
Aircrafts, Ship propulsion
Turbo jet and turbo-propeller engines like rockets, missiles, spac
e ships etc.,

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VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS 17
 P
Ph
ha
arm
rma
ac
ce
eu
utic
tica
all

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 H
Ho
os
sp
pita
itals
ls

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Pulp
Pulpand
andPaper
Paper
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The difference in pressure between the entrance and the exit
of the moving blades is called Reaction pressure, which acts on
moving blades of the turbine wheel and sets up the turbine w
heel into rotation in the opposite direction.

Examples: Francis turbine, Kaplan turbine, Propeller turbine, T

hompson turbine, Bulb turbine.

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 Francis Turbine
Mixed flow, medium head reaction turbine.

Consists of a spiral casing enclosing a number of stationary

guide blades fixed all round the circumference of an inner ri
ng of moving blades (vanes) forming the runner, which is key
ed to the turbine shaft.

Radial entry of water along the periphery of the runner an

d discharge at the center of the runner at low pressure thro
ugh the diverging conical tube called draft tube.

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FRANCIS TURBINE &
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 Kaplan Turbine
Axial flow, low head.
Similar to Francis turbine except the runner and draft tube.

The runner (Boss or Hub) resembles with the propeller of the ship, h
ence some times it is called as Propeller turbine.
Water flows parallel to the axis of the shaft.

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Propeller Turbine Runner

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