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Adrenal Gland
Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis
a. CHO (carbohydrates)
c. PROTEINS-control of protein
metabolism
– stimulates protein synthesis in liver
– protein breakdown in tissues
SUGAR
ANTERIOR PITUITARY
INCREASED
BLOOD GLUCOSE ACTH
-
BLOOD AA
BLOOD FATTY ACIDS
ADRENAL CORTEX
CORTISOL
TARGET ORGANS
Zona Glomerulosa
It secretes the
mineralocorticoids, mainly
aldosterone
The main mineralocorticoid
in humans is aldosterone
It is found bound to albumin
in the blood
It regulates Na balance and
blood pressure
ALDOSTERONE
Control of Aldosterone
By the renin-angiotensin system:
1.In response to drop in blood pressure
2.Decreased osmolality
Structure of Nephron
C
O
R
T
E
X
Glomerulus M
E
Loop Of Henle D
U
L
Collecting Duct L
A
Structure of Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
Distal
Convoluted
Juxtaglomerular Tubule
apparatus is
composed of:
1. Juxtaglomerular
cells
2. Macula densa
cells
Adrenal gland
Adrenal cortex
Zona glomerulosa
Distal tubules
Angiotensin II
Na
ACE
K/
Kidney
Blood Angiotensin I H
Juxtaglomerular
cells
Renin
Angiotensinogen
Liver
Actions of Aldosterone
Stimulates sodium reabsorption in the
kidneys
Stimulates the excretion of
potassium and hydrogen ions
Indirectly increases blood pressure
SALT
Mineralocorticoids (F & E balance)
– Aldosterone (renin from kidneys controls
adrenal cortex production of aldosterone)
Na retention
Water retention
K excretion
Question:
If your Na level is low, will
aldosterone secretion
or
If your serum K+ level is high, will
aldosterone secretion
or
• Renin-Angiotensin System:
renal blood flow &/or Na+
Renin
Angiotensinogen Angiotensin I
Converting
(Lungs)
enzymes
Aldosterone Corticosterone
N.B. Aldosterone is the main regulator of Na+ retention.
Figure 6.12b
Zona reticularis
It is the innermost layer of the adrenal
cortex
It is relatively inactive and
physiologically unimportant
It secretes androgens
In the female, they may contribute to the
pubertal and postmenopausal changes
SEX
ANDROGENS
– hormones which male
characteristics
release of testosterone
Figure 9.10
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 9.28b
ADRENAL MEDULLA
ADRENAL MEDULLA
Fight or flight
What is released by the adrenal
medulla?
Anatomy and Origin
• embryologically derived from
pheochromoblasts
dihydroxyphenylalanine
L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase
dopamine
dopamine-B-hydroxylase
norepinephrine
phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase
epinephrine
CATECHOLAMINE
RELEASE
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Mechanism of Action
Receptor
Norepinephrine +++++ ++
Epinephrine ++++ ++++
Relative effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine on and adrenergic receptors.
Guyton
ADRENAL MEDULLA
It secretes the catecholamines, adrenaline
(80%) and noradrenaline (20%)
They are called the fight or flight hormones or
the 3Fs (fear, flight, flight)
Opioid peptides are also synthesized and co
secreted with the hormones
They are released in response to stimulation by
acetylcholine from the preganglionic sympathetic
nerve endings
Actions of Adrenal medullary hormones
Increase blood glucose by:
1. Promote glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
in the liver
2. Inhibit secretion of insulin
Stimulate lipolysis with resultant increase in FFA
Increase heart rate contraction and cause
branchodilatation
Increase constriction of visceral blood vessels
and vasodilatation of skeletal muscles
Decrease function of visceral organs
Increase the basal metabolic rate and total
oxygen consumption (calorigenic)