CELL

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CELL

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Introduction

▰ The cell is the basic unit of biological

organization
▰ Basic composition
▻ Protoplasm
▻ Cell membrane
▻ Organelles
▰ Eukaryotic vs. prokaryotic
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History of the Cell
Theory

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History of the Cell Theory

▰ Proposed in 1830s by Schleiden and Schwann

▰ Modern cell theory
▻ Cells are the smallest complete living things
▻ All organisms are composed of one or more
cells
▻ Cells arise only from other cells
▻ All existing cells are descendants of the first
cells
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Anatomy of a Typical
Eukaryotic Cell

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The Cell Membrane

▰ Double phospholipid layer with embedded

proteins
▰ Membrane transport: selectively permeable
membrane
▻ Osmosis
▻ Protein channels
▻ Active transport
▻ Fluid mosaic model
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Cytoplasm of the Cell

▰ Liquid portion of the cell

▻ Cytoplasm
▻ Nucleoplasm

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The Nucleus

▰ Control center of the cell

▰ Nuclear membrane has pores to allow
the passage of substances
▰ Chromatin genetic material inside
nucleoplasm
▰ Nucleolus: site of ribosome formation

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The Mitochondria

▰ Powerhouses of the cell

▰ Cristae: inner folds where cellular
respiration occurs
▰ Energy requirements of cell determine
cristae number

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Lysosomes

▰ Digestive enzyme packages

▰ Function
▻ Digest stored food
▻ Maintenance and repair of
organelles
▻ Suicide agents for old or weak cells

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

▰ System of membranes that makes up

channels
▰ Connects with outer nuclear and cell
membranes
▰ Cisternae: sac like or channel like
cavities

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Endoplasmic Reticulum (cont’d.)

▰ Rough ER
▻ For protein synthesis
▻ Attached ribosomes
▰ Smooth ER
▻ Fat transport
▻ For lipid synthesis
▻ Sex hormone synthesis
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (cont’d.)

▰ Rough ER
▻ For protein synthesis
▻ Attached ribosomes
▰ Smooth ER
▻ Fat transport
▻ For lipid synthesis
▻ Sex hormone synthesis
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Golgi Apparatus

▰ Golgi apparatus
▻ Collection of flat saclike cisternae
▻ Concentration and collection of
cellular compounds
▻ Storage warehouses of the cell
▻ Carbohydrate synthesis site
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Ribosomes

▰ Distributed throughout cytoplasm

▰ Attached to rough endoplasmic
reticulum
▰ No membrane covering
▰ Site of protein synthesis

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Ribosomes

▰ Protein functions
▻ Structure, enzymes or catalysts,
immune response
▰ DNA contains the code for a particular
protein
▻ DNA found in nucleus
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Ribosomes

▰ Transcription
▻ Messenger RNA copies DNA code
and leaves nucleus
▰ Translation
▻ Transfer RNA picks up amino acids
▻ Ribosomes link amino acids together
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Centrioles

▰ Centrosome: two centrioles at right

angles to each other
▻ Composed of nine sets of triplet
fibers
▰ Form spindle fibers during cell division
▰ Guide duplicated chromosomes to
daughter cells
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Cilia and Flagella

▰ Hair-like protrusions from cell

membrane
▰ Nine double fibrils around two single
central fibrils
▰ Cilia move materials across cell surface
▰ Flagellum propels cell through a
medium
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References

▰ Fundamentals of Anatomy and

Physiology by Dr. Donald C. Rizzo, 4th
Edition

▰ Seeley’s Essentials of Anatomy and

Physiology, 9th Edition
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