Nokia antenna line

NOKIA antenna theory 1

 Nokia Antenna Line

Jumper cable

Connector

Feeder
clamps
Combiners
diplexers
Grounding kit

Feeder EMP protector

cable

NOKIA antenna theory 2

 Nokia Antenna Line Products
• Complete antenna line with
guaranteed performance
• Excellent intermodulation
(三阶交調) (IMD) and return
loss characteristics
• Capable of broadband (多频
率) operation
• With Nokia Antenna System
Co-Siting
products it is possible to
combine different
frequencies and BTSs into a
single feeder

NOKIA antenna theory 3

 Feeder Cables (馈线)
• Important role in signal transmission
• Materials
-inner conductor: copper (铜) wire/tube, copper clad (镀层
) aluminium wire (铝)
-dielectric: polyetheline (PE) foam
-outer conductor: welded and corrugated (波纹) copper
tube
-sheath: abrasion resistant PVC

• Different cable sizes (most commonly used

1/2", 7/8", 1 5/8") available to satisfy
different site requirements
• Corrugation design enables tight bending
radius to ease installation

NOKIA antenna theory 4

 Feeder Cables
• Low attenuation achieved by use of extremely
pure copper and low relative permittivity (电容率)
of the insulation (绝缘体)
• Return loss min of 14dB (VSWR~1.5) for
GSM/WCDMA bands
• Every cable tested and measured before delivery

Typical attenuation (dB/100m)

Cable Size
Frequency 1/2" 7/8" 1 5/8"
900MHz 6.9 3.8 2.2
1800MHz 10.1 5.6 3.4
2200MHz 11.3 6.3 3.9

NOKIA antenna theory 5

 Connectors
• Reliable connections designed to withstand demanding
environmental conditions
- waterproof design even in un-mated condition (未连接下)
- no water migration even if cable jacket damaged
- no need for additional weather proofing kits
• Proven performance
- high Return Loss, 30dB
- excellent IMD values, -120dBm
• Single Piece design to facilitate
fast installation

NOKIA antenna theory 6

 Jumper Cables

• 1/2" super-flexible jumper cables

• Minimum bending radius (半径) 32mm
• Excellent electrical characteristics assured by
automated production process and effective
quality control
- intermodulation max -116dBm
- typical return loss >32dB (VSWR < 1.05)

NOKIA antenna theory 7

 Jumper Cables
• The outer and inner conductor are soldered (焊)
onto the cable by induction soldering process. This
means solder is heated by induced electrical current
to attach the conductor to the cable
• Design with O-rings and soldered contacts ensures
water tightness and electrical performance

Soldered
joints

O-rings

NOKIA antenna theory 8

 EMP
Electro Magnetic Pulse protector

• Used to protect BTS equipment against

lightning and voltage pulses coming
through the centre conductor of the feeder
• Maintenance free, compact, low weight
(450g) design
• Broadband, able to operate in all
GSM/WCDMA frequencies
• Exceptional electrical characteristics
- insertion loss 0.1dB
- VSWR 1.11
- IMD -159dBc

NOKIA antenna theory 9

 Grounding Kits

• Used to ground the RF feeder cable outer

conductor
• Non-Corrosive metal & UV resistant plastic
materials are maintenance free
• Low weight design.
• Rapid installation
• Designed to withstand demanding
environmental conditions
– IP 65 design - no water migration
• Low Contact resistance < 1 mohm (m)

NOKIA antenna theory 10

 Feeder Cable Clamps (夹钳)

• Used to fix the RF feeder cable to the tower

or rail
• Non Corrosive metal, UV resistant plastic
materials are maintenance free
• Low weight design
• Practical installation
• Design eliminates (消除) damage to cable
from overtightening

NOKIA antenna theory 11

 Diplexers (双工器)
Dual Band
Antenna
• Used to combine base station TRXs of different
frequencies to a single feeder cable
• All have DC pass function to MHA (塔放) (1000mA)
Diplexer
• IP 66
• Dual Band antenna with internal diplexer eliminates need
for tower mounted diplexer

Feeder
Cable

Diplexer

GSM 900 BTS GSM 1800 BTS

NOKIA antenna theory 12

 Diplexers
WideBand diplexer (single and double unit)
• Lower Band = 800 to 1000 MHz
• Upper Band = 1700 to 2170 MHz
• DC pass function to MHA (1000mA)
• IP 66 (Water proofing standard)
• Compact, Lightweight RF Performance

126 x 274 x 28 mm, Insertion loss 0.3 dB

1.7 kg with mounting bracket Isolation 50 dB
Return Loss 21 dB
Passive Intermodulation
Any RX Band -159dBc
Rated Power
GSM 900 250 W avg.
GSM1800 / WCDMA 150 W avg.

NOKIA antenna theory 13

 Diplexers
GSM1800/WCDMA diplexer
(single and double unit)
• Lower Band = 1710 to 1880 MHz
• Upper Band = 1920 to 2170 MHz
• DC pass function to MHA (1000mA)
• IP 66
• Compact design, 216 x 315 x 55 mm,
3.4kg
RF Performance
Insertion loss 0.3 dB
Isolation 50 dB
Return Loss 21 dB
Passive Intermodulation
Any RX Band -159 dBc
Rated Power
GSM 1800 240 W avg.
WCDMA 40 W avg.

NOKIA antenna theory 14

 Triplexers
GSM900/GSM1800/WCDMA Triplexer
• Used to combine base station TRXs of three different
frequencies to a single feeder cable
• Bands: Lower = 880 to 960 MHz
Middle = 1710 to 1880 MHz
Upper = 1920 to 2170 MHz
• DC pass function to MHA (1000mA)
• IP 66
• Compact design, 251 x 318 x 60 mm, 4.8kg
RF Performance
Insertion loss 0.3 dB
Isolation 50 dB
Return Loss 21 dB
Passive Intermodulation
Any RX Band -159 dBc GSM 900 BTS WCDMA BTS
Rated Power
GSM 900/1800 240 W avg. GSM 1800 BTS
WCDMA 40 W avg.

NOKIA antenna theory 15

 Nokia GSM 900 Hybrid External
Combiner
• A CoSiting solution
• Combines 2 Separate Base stations to
1 antenna feeder cable
Nokia 900 MHz
X-Polarized Antenna • IP 65
• High Power- Accepts 2X60 W inputs

RF Performance
Insertion loss 3.5 dB
Isolation BTS to BTS 25 dB
Return Loss 18 dB
Passive Intermodulation
Nokia RX Band -159 dBc
GSM 900 Rated Power
External Combiner GSM 900 2 X 60 W

GSM 900 BTS #1 GSM 900 BTS #2

NOKIA antenna theory 16

 MetroSite Combiners
• Available for GSM900, GSM1800 and GSM1900
• Used to combine Metrosite TRXs of the same frequency band to
a single feeder cable
• Small size, 138 x 111 x 24 mm, 500g
• Telegrey color ”disappears” on most surfaces.
• IP 65
RF Performance
Insertion loss 3.5 dB
Isolation BTS to BTS 25 dB
Return Loss 18 dB
Passive Intermodulation
RX Band -159 dBc
Rated Power
GSM 900/1800/1900 2 X 10 W

NOKIA antenna theory 17

 DC Stop
• Works together with Bias Tee to prevent
the DC supply to MHA from shorting to
ground Via the antenna or base station
output / input
• Installed on diplexer port which is not
connected to a Bias Tee or the MHA
• Small compact design
• Practical installation
• Reliable connection designed to withstand
demanding environmental conditions
• IP 65 design

NOKIA antenna theory 18

 Auxiliary Products (AUX)
Nokia Power Systems
Nokia Indoor
Systems
Nokia
Antenna
Systems

Shelters,
Base
Stations
Site Towers,
Masts,
Poles

Cellular Installation
Transmission Materials
Systems

NOKIA antenna theory 19

 Nokia BTS Antennas

• Antennas available for GSM/EDGE/WCDMA

Systems

• Real time network optimization is made

possible by remote electrical downtilt

• Smart Radio Concept ’SRC’ antennas

- Same as two separate 2-port antennas
side-by-side, but in the SRC-case only
one radom
- The frequency band for the 4-port
antenna is two times 1710-2170MHz
NOKIA antenna theory 20
 Nokia Mast Head Amplifiers (塔放)
• Increase coverage
• Balance Rx-Tx link
• Improve system sensitivity
• Decreases mobile´s transmitting power

BTS RX w/o MHA

BTS RX with MHA

NOKIA antenna theory 21

 Nokia Mast Head Amplifiers
• Designed and type approved with
Nokia BTS to ensure conformance to
the relevant GSM/3GPP
specifications

• Power distribution and alarms

integrated in BTS and Bias Tee

• Remote monitoring by Nokia NMS

/ NetAct

NOKIA antenna theory 22

 Nokia indoor system

NOKIA antenna theory 23

 Capture voice and data traffic indoors
• Improved service & coverage, form a competitive advantage
and a way for differentiation
• App. 70% of mobile calls made indoors
• Sufficient indoor quality necessity for high speed data rate
for 2G –3G
• Providing good indoor coverage and dedicated capacity.
• Serve as an easy way to

 Improve customer satisfaction

 Avoid interference
 Increase airtime revenue
 Protect network investments

NOKIA antenna theory 24

 Nokia GSM / EDGE InLite
Architecture
Fibre optic RF
distribution system
that offers
extensive indoor
coverage

• 1-8 TRX’s
distributed to over
64 remote antenna
locations
• Flexible RF carrier
routing to different
area of coverage
• Light installations

Main Unit Remote Units

25 Nokia Auxiliary Product Management v. 1.0 04.2002
 Distributed Antenna System (DAS)
Architecture

Passive RF distribution
system

Main components
 Feeders
 Couplers
 Splitters
 Combiners
 Omni- and Panel -
antennas

26 Nokia Auxiliary Product Management v. 1.0 04.2002

 Nokia DAS Solution
• Multiband capability. All
Components for Nokia
Distributed Antenna System Omni Panel
are fully 2G - 3G frequency Antenna Antenna

compatible
• For small and medium size Couplers
and Splitters
buildings that do not require
high capacity
• 1/2” is preferred for cable run Feeders

of <10m. 7/8” for cable run <

40m
N-Series
Connectors

Jumper
with insulation gasket

NOKIA antenna theory 27

 Nokia antenna
connection

NOKIA antenna theory 28

 Antenna Line for 1 Sector, Single Band

TX/RX antenna
for the used frequency band

•2 RF feeders/sector
• RX diversity used
TX/RX
UMTS: 1920-2170MHz
GSM 1900: 1850-1990MHz
GSM 1800: 1710-1880MHz
GSM 900: 890-960MHz
TX/RX div

BTS

NOKIA antenna theory 29

 Antenna Line for 1 Sector, Wide Band

TX/RX antenna
•2 RF feeders/sector for GSM1800/GSM1900/UMTS
• no need for diplexers (1710-2170MHz)
at the antenna end due
to wide/broad band elements
• RX diversity used
TX/RX TX/RX div

Diplexer Diplexer

GSM UMTS
1800

NOKIA antenna theory 30

 Antenna Line for 1 Sector, Dual Band
TX/RX antenna
for GSM900/1800
or
for GSM900/WideBand
Diplexers

• With external diplexers

• 4 RF feeders/sector • 2 RF feeders/sector
• RX diversity used • RX diversity used

Diplexers
TX/RX
GSM GSM GSM
GSM
1800 900 1800
900

TX/RX div
NOKIA antenna theory 31
 Antenna Line for 1 Sector, Triple Band

TX/RX antenna
for 900/1800/UMTS

Triplexers

• With external
• Without triplexers triplexers
• 6 RF feeders/sector • 2 RF feeders/sector
• RX diversity used • RX diversity used

Triplexers

GSM GSM UMTS GSM GSM UMTS

900 1800 900 1800

NOKIA antenna theory 32

 Antenna Line for 1 Sector, Dual Band
(SRC)
1800 MHAs WCDMA MHAs
TX/RX antenna
for two times Wide Band
(1710-2170/1710-2170MHz)

Diplexers

• With external diplexers

• 2 RF feeders/sector
• Rx diversity used

Diplexer
The Nokia Smart Radio Concept
can be used with this antenna, if
GSM UMTS all four ports are used for the
1800 same frequency band

NOKIA antenna theory 33

 Typical Antenna System for Urban Site
One band solution

X-pol antenna

• Flexible evolution path to TX/RX ant RX div ant

large capacities
• Maximum spectrum
efficiency through RF
hopping
• 2-way diversity
• 2 feeders per sector
• X-pol antennas
• Antenna line kits

BTS
NOKIA antenna theory 34
 Typical Antenna System for Urban Site
Dual band solution

XX-pol antenna
• High capacity for
multimedia TX/RX ant.
For 900 and 1800
RX div ant.
for 900 and 1800
• Maximum spectrum
efficiency through RF
hopping
• Dual band XX-pol
antennas with
integrated diplexers
• If diplexers are not
integrated into
antennas, external
diplexers are needed
• Diplexers in BTS - only
two feeders per sector Diplexer
GSM 900/1800

NOKIA antenna theory 35

 Typical Antenna System for Suburban
Site
X-pol antenna

• Large coverage area TX/RX ant. RX div ant.

• Low visual impact - only

one X-pol per sector
MHA MHA
• Masthead amplifier
• Bias Tee needed to
supply power to MHA
and also act as a surge
protector

BiasT
BTS
NOKIA antenna theory 36
 Typical Antenna System for Rural Site
X-pol antenna
• Cost effective TX/RX ant. RX div ant.
• High output power if
combiner is bypassed
MHA MHA
• Large coverage area if
booster is used
• Masthead amplifier is
used to balance uplink
• Low visual impact - only
one X-pol per sector

BiasT
BTS
NOKIA antenna theory 37
 Typical Antenna System for Road Site
X-pol
• Cost effective antenna
TX/RX ant.
• High output power
RX div ant.
with boosters for
downlink
• Masthead amplifier is MHA MHA
used to balance uplink
• Large coverage area
• 4-way diversity - four
feeders per sector
• Low visual impact -
only one X-pol per
sector BiasT
BTS
NOKIA antenna theory 38
 Nokia 4 way diversity

NOKIA antenna theory 39

 4- Way diversity

4-way diversity is used in Ultrasite family only in 3G field

Supreme
Optimal Compact
Better Uplink performance

NOKIA antenna theory 40

 Smart Radio Concept
Uplink coverage
dB Received signal power
4-branch diversity reception per
• 10
sector in one antenna radome 5
• Maximal ratio baseband
combining of four uplink signals 0

Downlink
forms a capacity
beam upgrade -5

• Upgrade transmit diversity when -10 SRC

Rx diversity
needed -15
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
+ TX
RX Seconds, 3km/h

RX
RX
RX + TX
WCDMA Combined
Transceiver received
signal

NOKIA antenna theory 41

 Upgrades to Current GSM Antennas
Upgrade :
Current : space +
space polarization
diversity diversity

Antennas can
Current : be shared
polarization with GSM
1300 mm

Upgrade:
diversity 2 x polarization
diversity within
one radome
150 mm 260 mm
NOKIA antenna theory 42
 DE34 & Ultrasite
co-site installation

NOKIA antenna theory 43

 Co-site Installations
• cabinets side by side
• same cabinet footprint and fixing points
• synchronisation of BTSs
- upgrade kit for TALK BTS
• RX cabling between cabinets
• common antennas and feeders Tx/Rx

• common site support

• common transmission
RxDiv
Tx/Rx
Synch.

CITYTALK ULTRASITE
NOKIA antenna theory 44
 BTS Synchronisation items
Upgrade only to existing Talk BTS Synchronisation cable
-> No changes to UltraSite BTS for synchronisation

TALK Upgrade:
- New Abis board
- New BCF card
- BTS internal cabling
(between Abis and BCF)
UPGRADE KIT AVAILABLE now

NOKIA antenna theory 45

 Making a co-siting

•Talk-family/UltraSite EDGE co-site

without antenna sharing (one sector)

NOKIA antenna theory 46

 Making a co-siting

•Talk-family/UltraSite EDGE co-

site; antenna sharing with
intercabinet diversity cables (one
sector)

NOKIA antenna theory 47

 Making a co-siting

•Degradation caused by splitter and RF diversity cables

NOKIA antenna theory 48

 Making a co-siting

•Diversity cabling of one sector: Nokia Talk-family/Nokia UltraSite EDGE

•2+2+2 Talk-family / 2+2+2 UltraSite EDGE with DVxx co-site
NOKIA antenna theory 49
 Making a co-siting

•Diversity principle
of Talk-family
6+6+6 with RTC/
UltraSite EDGE
2+2+2 with DVxx

NOKIA antenna theory 50

 Making a co-siting

•Diversity principle of
Talk-family 4+4+4 with
RTC/ UltraSite EDGE
2+2+2 with DVxx

NOKIA antenna theory 51

 Making a co-siting

•Nokia Talk-family and Nokia UltraSite EDGE dual

band antenna sharing arrangement with diplexer

NOKIA antenna theory 52

 Making a co-siting

•Nokia Talk-family/Nokia UltraSite EDGE dual band

antenna sharing arrangement with MHA

NOKIA antenna theory 53

 Making a co-siting

•Talk-family/UltraSite EDGE co-site

•antenna sharing with external
hybrid combiners

NOKIA antenna theory 54

 Making a co-siting

•Nokia Talk-family and Nokia UltraSite

EDGE single band antenna sharing
arrangement with hybrid combiners

NOKIA antenna theory 55

Earthing
of antenna
and feeder cable

NOKIA antenna theory 56