COMMUNICATION

USING CDMA
 CONTENTS

• Multiple Access Method

• CDMA Introduction
• CDMA technology
• ADVANTAGES OF CDMA
• DISADVANTAGES OF CDMA
• Conclusion
Classification of Existing Systems
Technologies

TDMA/FDMA CDMA

GSM (European Standard)

IS 136 (U.S Standard) IS 95 (U.S Standard)
PDC (Japanese Standard
Access Technology
 FDMA

• Transmission of more than one signal through the same communication channel. In
analog communication system FDMA is used.
• In FDMA, the entire allocated cellular frequency spectrum is divided into a number
of 30-kHz channels .
• The power transmitted by a cell is only large enough to communicate with mobile
stations located near the edge of the cell’s coverage area.
• The radius of a cell might be one mile or less referred to as a small cell.
 TDMA

• TDMA is a digital wireless air interface

•It divides each carrier frequency into a number of time slots, each
constitutes an independent telephone circuit.
• Time-division multiple access (TDMA) is a channel access method for
shared-medium networks. It allows several users to share the
same frequency channel by dividing the signal into different time slots
 CDMA
A digital multiple access technique specified by the
Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) as "IS-95."
CDMA (Code-Division Multiple Access) refers to any of several
protocols used in second-generation (2G) and third-generation
(3G) wireless communications. As the term implies, CDMA is a
form of multiplexing, which allows numerous signals to occupy
a single transmission channel, optimizing the use of
available bandwidth. The technology is used in ultra-high-
frequency (UHF) cellular telephone systems in the 800-
MHz and 1.9-GHz bands.
 CDMA Technology
The whole idea behind CDMA Technology is to send digital information,
ones and zeros, over the air. CDMA stands for "Code Division Multiple
Access", so what we're trying to do is to allow multiple independent
streams of digital data to exist in a given piece of bandwidth ("spectrum",
in the case of wireless) simultaneously. So, what we do is "code" each
zero and one as a much longer string of bits -- up to 64 bits in the case of
CDMA technology. We choose these codes (also called "chipping codes"
or "Walsh" codes) so that they cause only minimal interference to one
another. The technical term for this is the codes are "orthogonal." We can
therefore send some number of these over the air, at the same
frequency, at the same time, with very little degradation or interference. A
given receiver just looks for the codes of its corresponding transmitter,
converts the codes back to ones and zeros, and that's about it. In
practice, though, this is very, very complex, with many difficult issues -- no
wireless technology, even CDMA, works all the time.
ADVANTAGES OF CDMA

• Increased Cellular Communication Security.

• Soft Handoff Because Of Same Carrier Frequency
• Increased Efficiency, Meaning That The Carrier Can Serve More
Subscriber.
• Smaller Phones.
• Low Power Requirements And Little Cell-to-Cell Coordination Needed By
Operators.
• Extended Reach - Beneficial To Rural Users Situated Far From Cells.
DISADVANTAGES OF CDMA

■ • Near far problem.

■ • CDMA is relatively low, and the network is not as mature as GSM.
■ • CDMA can not offer international roaming, a large GSM advantage
 Conclusion

■ CDMA cellular system is deemed superior to the FDMA and TDMA

cellular systems for the time being.
■ Therefore, CDMA technique becomes more important in radio
communication systems.
■ CDMA is based on the spread spectrum technique which has been
used at military field.