Chapter 2

Differentiation
2.1 The Derivative
2.2 Computation of Derivative
2.3 The Product and Quotient Rule
2.4 The Chain Rule
2.5 Higher derivatives
2.6 Implicit derivatives
 2.1 The Derivative

At the end of this topic, students should be able to:

LESSON Define the

OUTCOMES concept of
derivative
 INTRODUCTION
• Calculus is the mathematics of change, and the primary
tool for studying change is a procedure called
differentiation (derivatives).

• Derivative
– derived a function.
– study on how one quantity changes in relation to
another quantity.

• The derivatives of function f (x) study on how f (x) changes

in relation to changes in x.
• Differentiation is all about finding rates of change of one
quantity compared to another.
• The process of finding a derivative is called
differentiation.
• The most common notations for the derivative are:

dy
y' f '( x)
dx
Notation of derivatives

derivative of y
with respect to x
Slope of a straight line
How to find the slope of a curve?

The slope keep changing, that is why the

knowledge of derivative (limit concept) come.
A secant line is a straight line joining two points
on a function.

A tangent line to a curve at a given point is the

straight line that "just touches" the curve at that
point
When QP, then x  0
Hence, the secant line  tangent line

f ( x  x)  f ( x)
m  f ( x)  lim
x  0 x
Definition
 Differentiation using first principle

• The derivative of the function f (x ) with respect to the

variable x is the function f ' ( x ) where

f ( x  h)  f ( x )
f ' ( x)  lim
h 0 h

provided the limit exist.

• The process of finding the derivative using the above
definition is called differentiation with first principle.
 5 steps of differentiation with first principle

Step 1 • Write an expression for f ( x)

Step 2 • Write an expression for f ( x  h)

• Substitute f ( x) and f ( x  h) into the

Step 3 formula

Step 4 • Simplify the expression

f ( x  h)  f ( x )
Step 5 • Evaluate f ( x)  lim
h 0 h
 Differentiation using first principle

EXAMPLE 1

Use the first principle to find the derivative of

(a) f ( x)  2 x  5

(b) f ( x)  x 2  2 x
EXAMPLE 1 (cont.)

(a) f ( x)  2 x  5 1. Write an expression for f(x)

f ( x)  2 x  5 2. Write an expression
for f(x+h)
f ( x  h)  2( x  h)  5

2( x  h)  5  2 x  5 3.Substitute f(x) and f(x+h)

f '( x)  lim
h 0 h
2h
 f '( x)  lim  lim 2  2 5. Final answer
h 0 h h 0

4. Simplify
13
EXAMPLE 1 (cont.)

(b) f ( x)  x 2  2 x
f ( x  h)  ( x  h)2  2( x  h)
( x  h)2  2( x  h)  x 2  2 x
f '( x)  lim
h 0 h
( x  2hx  h  2 x  2h)  ( x  2 x)
2 2 2
 lim
h 0 h
h (2 x  h  2)
 lim
h 0 h
 2x  2
14
 Differentiation using first principle
EXERCISE
Differentiate each of the following using definition
(first principle).

(a) f ( x)  x 3
(c) f ( x)  5 x

(b) f ( x)  3x (d) f ( x)  3x  2

19
 Examples

• Find the slope of the parabola y  x 2

 1 at the point
(2, 5). Then find an equation for the tangent to the
parabola at this point.

• Find an equation of the tangent line to the hyperbola

y  3 / x at point (3, 1).

• Find the slopes of tangent lines to the graph of the

function f  x   x at point (1, 1), (4, 2), and (9, 3).
 Homework 2.1

1. Find an equation of the tangent line to the parabola

y  x 2  8x  9 at point (3, -6).

2. Find the derivative of the following function by using

first principle definition.
A f ( x)  9 x  2 D f ( x)  2 x 3
3
f ( x)  2 x
B f ( x)  x 2  2 x E x
x
C f ( x)  x  x  2
2
F f ( x) 
x 1
 “The secret of
getting ahead is
getting started.”

~Mark Twain
 2.2 Computation of Derivative

At the end of this topic, students should be able to:

Find derivatives
LESSON involving polynomial,
OUTCOMES trigonometric,
logarithmic and
exponential functions.
TECHNIQUES OF DIFFERENTIATION
 Example
• Find the derivative of the following function

A 1 5 1
f ( x)  x D f ( x)   x 10
3 2

B E 1 3
f ( x)  a 3
f ( x)  x  3x 2
2

C f ( x)  3 2 x F f ( x) 
1 3 3 2
x  x
2 4
DERIVATIVES OF AN
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION
DERIVATIVES OF LOGARITHMIC
DERIVATIVES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION
 Example
Use table of differentiation to find derivatives of the following
functions.
(a) y  6 (b) y  e x
(c) y  x (d) y  ln x
(e) f ( p)  3ln p (f) y  cos x
(g) y  5 tan x (h) y  sin x
(i) f (t )  2sec t ( j) y  x 3  4 x
2
(k) y   6 x (l) f ( z )  4 z 3  5 z 2  4 ln z
x
(m) y  3e x  e  x (n) f (t )  sin t  3cos t
(o) y  3sin x  2e x
 Homework 2.2
Use table of differentiation to find derivatives of the following
functions.
1. y  7 9. y  e  x
1
2. y  3 x 10. y  ln x
6
3. f (u )  4 ln u 11. y  2 cos x
4. y  3.75 tan x 12. y   sin x
5. f (t )  8 sec t 13. y  2 x 4  5 x
2
6. y  2  7 x 14. f ( z )  4 z 3/ 2  3 z 2  4 ln z
x
7. y  e x  8e  x 15. f (t )   sin t  7 cos t
8. y  4sin x  21e x
“Start where you
are. Use what
you have. Do
what you can.”

~ Arthur Ashe
 2.3 The Product and Quotient Rule

At the end of this topic, students should be able to:

Apply the basic rules of

LESSON differentiation and use
OUTCOMES them to find derivatives
of products and
quotients
Product Rule
 Example: Find the derivative of y with respect to x
for the following function

y  x 2 cos x

dy
dx
x 2 d

dx
 cos x   cos x
d 2
dx
 x    x 2
sin x  2 x cos x
 Example
Find the derivatives of the following functions.

(a) y  ( x  7 x  1)(5 x  2)
3
(e) y  5 x + sin x cos x
2

(b) y  x 2 (4  3 x 3 ) (f) y  e x (7  x )

(c) y  x 3 ln x (g) y  2 x x 5

(d) y  6 x 3/ 2 tan x
 Solution
(a) 20 x3  6 x 2  70 x  9
15  8 x3
(b) 
x6
(c) x 2 (1  3ln x)
(d) 3 x1/ 2 (2 x sec 2 x  3 tan x)
(e) 10 x  cos 2 x - sin 2 x
e x (1  14 x  2 x)
(f)
2 x
(g) 5 x 4 2 x  2 x x5 ln 2
Quotient Rule
 Example: Find the derivative of y with respect to x for the
following function

cos x
y
1  cos x
 Example
Find the derivatives of the following functions.

2 7 x2
(a) y  (e) y  x
x 1 4e  x

x2 1  ln x
(b) y  (f) y  2
3x  1 x  ln x

4 x3  7 x 2x
(c) y  (g) y  x x
5x2  2 2 3

4sin x 1
(d) y  (h) y 
2 x  cos x 1  sin x
 Solution

2 7 x(8e x  4 xe x  x)
(a) (e)
( x  1) 2 (4e x  x) 2
x(3x  2) 1/ x  x  2 x ln x
(b) (f)
(3 x  1) 2 ( x 2  ln x) 2
x 3
6 ln  
20 x 4  59 x 2  14  2
(c) (g) x x 2
(5 x 2  2) 2 (2  3 )
8( x cos x  sin x)  4 cos x
(d) (h)
(2 x  cos x) 2 (1  sin x) 2
 Homework 2.3

1. Find the derivative of the following function

A 5x 3  x 2 D f ( x)   x  1  x 2  2 x  x 4
f ( x)  4
x 2

 1 3x 2  2 x  1
B f ( x)   x 2  1  x  5   E f ( x) 
 x x

C f (t )  1  t  1  t 
2 1
2. Find the derivatives of the following functions.
4
(a) y  x (2 x - x )
3 2 2
(e) f ( x)  6
x

w6
(b) f ( x)  (6 x 3  x)(10  20 x) (f) f ( w) 
5

3z  9
(c) W ( z )  (g) y  xe x
2 z

4 x cos x
(d) h( x)  2 (h) y 
x 2 x
 “Look in the
mirror… that’s
your
competition.”
 2.4 The Chain Rule

At the end of this topic, students should be able to:

Apply the chain

LESSON
OUTCOMES
rule and use it to
find derivatives of
composite functions
2.4 DERIVATIVES OF COMPOSITE FUNCTION (CHAIN
RULE)

If y = f (u) and u = g (x), the composite function y is given by

y  ( f  g )( x)  f ( g ( x))

Definition: if f differentiable at x and g differentiable at u = g (x),

then the composite function
y  ( f  g )( x)  f ( g ( x))
differentiable at x where

y '  ( f  g )' ( x)  f ' ( g ( x)) g ' ( x)

or

dy dy du
 
dx du dx
Example : Find the derivative of the following
functions:

y  (3x  5) 5

y  1 t 2
Example: Find the derivative of the following
function:

1
f ( x) 
( 2 x 5  7) 3

30 x 4
Ans : 
(2 x 5  7) 4
 Example: Chain Rule
dy dy du dv
If y = f (u), u = g (v), and v = h (x) then   
dx du dv dx

dy
Find the if y  43 x
dx
 Example
Find the derivative of the following function:
w( x)   3 x  1  x  7 
3 5 2 4

Ans : 45 x 2 (3 x 3  1) 4 ( x 2  7) 4  8 x( x 2  7)3 (3 x 3  1)5

 Exercise 2.4.1
• Find the derivative of the following function
by using chain rule
y   3x 2  5 x  7 
3
15
A  x 1  2
E y  
 x  2 
B f ( x)  (2 x 2  4 x  1) 60
F f ( x)  x 1  3 x
h( x)   2 x 2  1  x 2  5
4 5
C

D 2 x2 1 G f ( x)  x  2 x
f ( x) 
3x 2  2
 Solution 2.4.1

9 x -1
(a) 15(3 x  5 x  7) (6x+5)
2 14
(e)
2( x  2) 2 x2
9 x  2
(b) 240(2 x 2  4 x  1)59 ( x -1) (f)
2 1  3x
x 1
(c) 16 x(2 x 2  1)3 ( x 2  5)5  10 x(2 x 2  1) 4 ( x 2  5) 4 (g)
2 x( x  2 x )
-1/ 2
7x  2 x2 1 
(d)  
(3x 2  2) 2  3 x 2  2 
Trigonometric functions – chain rule
Example: Find the derivative of y with respect to x
for the following function

(a) y  sin(3 x) (d) y  sec(7 x)

(b) y  cos(2 x) (c) y  cot(5 x)

(c) y  tan(5 x)
 Example: Find the derivative of y with respect to x
for the following function

y  sin( x  4)

y  sin( x  4)2
 Example 2.51: Find the derivative of y with respect
to x for the following function

y  sin 2 ( x)

y  sin 2 ( x  4)
 Example: Find the derivative of y with respect to x for the
following function

 x
y  6 tan  
 3 
 Exercise 2.4.2
• Find the derivative of the following function

A f ( x)  sin 2  x  2  D f ( x)  cos  x3  2 x  2 
2

B f ( x)  sin  1  cos x  E
 1
y  tan  x  5  
4

 x
C y  sin 3 2 x  5 F  x 
y  tan  
 x  1 

G y  cot 5 x sec 7 x
 Answer
A 4( x  2) sin(( x  2) 2
) cos(( x  2) 2
)

B 1 sin x
cos( 1  cos x )
2 1  cos x

C 3sin 2 ( 2 x  5) cos( 2 x  5)
2x  5

D (3x  2) sin( x  2 x  2)
2 3

 1  3 1 2 1
E  x2 
4 1  tan  x  5   sec  x  5  
   x  x

1 2 x 
F ( x  1) 2
sec  
 x 1 


G sec 7 x 7 cot 5 x tan 7 x  5csc 5 x
2

Logarithmic functions – chain rule
 Example: Differentiate the following
function with respect to x

1. y  log 10 x 5

2. y  ln x 3

3. y  sin  ln 3 x 2 
Example 2.6: Differentiate the following function with
respect to x

y  x ln ( x 2  1)
 Exercise 2.4.3
• Find the derivative of the following function

A f ( x)  ln  3x 4  5 x  E f ( x)  ln sec 2 x
1

B y  ln  cos 2 2 x  F  2 x 
y  ln  
2

 2 x 
C y  ln  sin x  cos 2 x  G f ( x)  log 4 x3

D 1  2x H y  log10 sec x
f ( x)  ln
1 2x
 Answer
A 12 x 3  5 E 2 tan(2 x)
3x 4  5 x

sin(2 x) 2
B 4 F 
cos(2 x) (2  x)(2  x)

cos x  2sin(2 x) 3
C G log 4 e
sin x  cos(2 x) x

2
D H tan x log10 e
(1  2 x)(1  2 x)
Exponential functions – chain rule
 Example 2.7: Differentiate the following
function with respect to x

f ( x)  25 x

y  e3 x

y  (e5 x  ln 2 x) 7

y  sin  2   etan x
EXAMPLE

Differentiate the following functions.

4e 2 x
y
1  x2
 Example
• Find the derivative of the following function

 3 x 520 f ( x)   e x ln 2 x 
2
A f ( x)  10 E

B sin 2  2 x  F y  e3 x 1  e13 x
y  10

 
 
cos 2x2
C ye G f ( x)  e x
x 3
2

D f ( x)  34 x cos5 x H y  e x sin 3x
 Answer
 ex 
2  e ln 2 x    e ln(2 x) 
 3 x  520
A 60(3 x  5) 10 E
19 x x
ln10
 x 

B 4sin(2 x) cos(2 x)10 sin 2 (2 x )

ln10 F 3  e3 x 1  e13 x 

C 4 xe cos(2 x 2 )
sin(2 x ) 2 G 
2 e x
  1
 x3 
2 x
e x 
 3x 2 


D 3  5sin(5 x)  4 ln 3cos(5 x) 
x
4x
H 3e cos(3x)  e  x sin(3x)
 Homework 2.4

1. Find the derivative of the following function

(a) y  (2  5 x)9
(b) y  e x2

(c) y  tan(3 x  2) (d) f ( p)  3ln 2 p

1 1 cos 5t
(e) y  (f) f (t )  3 
(2 x 2  7) 4 t 2
3 4x
2x e
(g) y  3sin(5 x)  2e 4x
(h) y  
3 2
2. Find y ' of the following functions.

(a) y  4 x 3  5 x 2 (e) y  2e3t  17  4 sin 2t

(b) y  3 sin 5t  2e 4t (f) y  cos3 3x

(c) y  sin 4t  3 cos 2t  t (g) y  ln(cos 3 x)

(d) y  tan 3z  2
 dy
3. Find of the following functions.
dx
(a) y  (4 x  5) 6 (e) y  ln( 3  4 cos x)

(b) y  e3 x (f) y  esin 2 x

(c) y  sin 2 x

(d) y  cos x
2
“Success doesn’t
just come and
find you. You
have to go out
and get it.”
 2.5 Higher Derivatives

At the end of this topic, students should be able to:

LESSON Solve the higher

OUTCOMES derivative
function
 HIGHER DERIVATIVES

dy
f ( x )  first derivatives
dx

d  dy  d 2 y nd
f ( x)     2 , 2 derivatives
dx  dx  dx
d  d 2 y  d 3 y rd
f''' ( x)   2   3 ,3 derivatives Higher derivatives
dx  dx  dx

dny
f ( x)  n , n derivatives
n

dx
 Example
• Given f ( x)  x 5  3x 2  2 x  1, Find f (x)


f ( x)  5 x  6 x  2
4
f ( x)  20 x 3  6

d4y
• Find if y  x 3
dx 4 x 1
 EXAMPLES
d2y
1. Find 2
for each of the following.
dx
(a) y  8 x 4  7 x 3

(b) y  5(3 x  1) 6

2 x
(c) y  2e  3e3 x
2
1 d y dy
2. If y  2 x  3 , prove that x  2 x  6 y  0.
2 2
2
x dx dx
2
dy d y
3. If y  xe , show that 6
3x
 2  9 y  0.
dx dx
 Homework 2.5

d2y
1. Find 2
for each of the following.
dx
(a) y  3x 3  2 x 2  x  2

(b) y  ( x 2  3) 2

2
1 dy d y
2. If y  x  2 , find
2
and 2
. Hence show that
x dx dx
2
d y dy
x 2
2
 4 x  2 y  12 x 2
.
dx dx
“Nothing worth
having comes
easy.”
 2.6 Implicit Differentiation

At the end of this topic, students should be able to:

Identify implicit
LESSON
OUTCOMES
function and find
derivative of the
function.
2.6 Implicit Differentiation

Explicit

• The variable y appears alone

one side of the equation.
• E.g: y  5 x 3  4

Implicit

• The variable y is not alone on

one side of the equation.
• E.g: sin x  3 y  5 x 3  4 y 2
 How to differentiate implicit function?

•Differentiate both
Step 1
sides of the equation

•Solve the differential

Step 2
equation
EXAMPLE 1
dy
for x  y  1  0
3 2
Find
dx
Solution:
d 3 d
 x  y 2  1   0
dx dx
d 3 d d
( x )  ( y 2 )  (1)  0
dx dx dx
dx dy
3x 2  2y  0  0
dx dx
dy 3x 2

dx 2y
EXAMPLE 2
dx
Find for x 2  t 2  2 x  sin t.
dt
Solution: d 2 2 d
 x  t  2 x   sin t 
dt dt
d 2 d 2 d d
( x )  (t )  (2 x)  sin t 
dt dt dt dt
dx dx
2 x  2t  2  cos t
dt dt
dt cos t  2t

dx 2x  2
EXAMPLE 3
dy
given that x y  e  e .
2 3 y 2x
Find
dx

d 2 3 y d 2x
 x y  e   e 
Solution : dx dx
d 2 3 d d 2x
( x y )  (e y )  e 
dx dx dx
2 d 3 d d y
x (y )  y
3
( x )  (e )  2e 2 x
2

dx dx dx
dy dy
3x 2 y 2  2 y3 x  e y  2e 2 x
dx dx
dy 2(e 2 x  y 3 x)

dx 3x 2 y 2  e y
 EXAMPLE 4

dy
1. Find given that 2 y 2  3x 3  x  y.
dx
dy
2. If x  y  2 x  6 y  5  0, find at x  3, y  2.
2 2

dx
dy
given that y  xy  x y  4
2 2
3. Find
dx
dy
4. Find given that x  sin( y  2 x)  1
dx
dy
5. Find given that e y  cos y  ln( x  y )
dx
Solution Example 4 (1):

d d
 2 y 2  3 x3    x  y 
dx dx
d d d
(2 y 2 )  (3x 3 )   x  y 
dx dx dx
dy dy
4 y  9x2  1 
dx dx
dy 1  9 x 2

dx 4 y  1
Solution Example 4 (2):

d 2 d
 x  y 2  2 x  6 y  5   0
dx dx
d 2 d d d d d
( x )  ( y 2 )  (2 x)  (6 y )  (5)  0
dx dx dx dx dx dx
dy dy
2x  2 y  2  6  0  0
dx dx
dy 1  x

dx y  3
At x  3, y  2
dy 1  3
 2
dx 2  3
Solution Example 4 (3):

d 2
dx
  d
y  xy  x 2 y   4 
dx
d 2 d d
( y )  ( xy )  ( x 2 y )  0
dx dx dx
d 2 d d d d
( y )  x ( y )  y ( x)  x 2 ( y )  y ( x 2 )  0
dx dx dx dx dx
dy dy dy
2 y  x  y  x2  2 xy  0
dx dx dx

2 y  x  x2 dy
dx
  y  2 xy

dy  y  2 xy

dx 2 y  x  x 2
Solution Example 4 (4):

d d
 x  sin( y  2 x)  1
dx dx
d d
( x)  sin( y  2 x)   0
dx dx
d
1  cos( y  2 x) ( y  2 x)  0
dx
 dy 
1  cos( y  2 x)   2   0
 dx 
dy
cos( y  2 x)  1  2 cos( y  2 x)
dx
dy 1  2 cos( y  2 x)

dx cos( y  2 x)
Solution Example 4 (5):

d y d
e  cos y    ln( x  y ) 
dx dx
d y d 1 d
(e )   cos y   ( x  y)
dx dx x  y dx
dy dy 1  dy 
ey  sin y  1  
dx dx x  y  dx 
 y 1  dy 1
 e  sin y  
 dx x  y
 x  y 
dy 1

dx  y 1 
    
x  y 
x y e sin y

 Homework 2.6

dy
1. Find dx for the following implicit functions.

(a) x 3  y  1  y 3

(b) ln y  y  x 2

(c) x 3  y 3  3xy2  8

(d) sin( x  y )  1  y

(e) ln( x 2  y 2 )  2 x  3 y
2. Find the derivative of the following function by using
implicit differentiation

A x2  y 2  4 E sin  x  y   x  y

B 7 y 4  x3 y  x  4 F y  xy 2  sin y  e 2 x

C y  x sin 2 y  3xy G e xy  ln y 2  x

D y  ln xy2 H xy  1  y
“Wake up with
determination.
Go to bed with
satisfaction.”
Thank you