The Lymphatic System and

Immunity

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

ANTIGEN
The Enemy Invader
• usually a bacteria or
virus
• comes in many
different forms and
attacks the body
ANTIBODIES
The Antigen Buster
• designed to seek
and destroy the
specific enemy
antigen
MACROPHAGE
The Body’s Radar
• big eaters
• type of cell
normally present in
the blood
• detects the enemy
T-HELPER CELL
The Communication
Link
• communicates
between the body’s
macrophages and
b-cells
B-CELL
The War Factory
• produces antibodies custom-
tailored for the type of enemy
antigen
COMPLEMENT
The Support Troops
• assist the antibodies
to neutralize the
enemy antigen
• first part of the
immune system that
meets invaders
IMMUNE COMPLEX
• when antibodies and complement attack the
antigen, an immune complex is formed
POLYMORPH
The Disposal Unit
• detects the
immune complexes
and removes them
 T-SUPPRESSOR CELL
Another
Communication Link
• signals to the b-cell
to stop making
antibodies once the
antigen has been
destroyed
 Immunity or Resistance
– Ability to ward off damage or disease through our
defenses
– 2 types of immunity

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

What
is it?
The LS is a system
of thin tubes
(lymph vessels)
that runs
throughout the
body.
Lymphatic system structure and function

• Consists of lymph, lymphatic vessels,

structures and organs containing lymphatic
tissue, red bone marrow

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Components of the Lymphatic System

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Lymphatic vessels and lymph circulation

– Vessels begin as lymphatic capillaries

– Unite to form large lymphatic vessels
– Passes through lymph nodes

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

 Lymphatic capillaries

– Slightly large diameter that blood capillaries

– Unique one-way structure
– Small intestine has lacteal for dietary lipid uptake

• Chyle is lymph with lipids

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Lymphatic Capillaries

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

 Lymph trunks and ducts

– Passes from lymph trunks into 2 main channels

a. Thoracic
b. Right lymphatic ducts

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Routes for drainage of lymph

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Relationship of the Lymphatic System to the
Cardiovascular System

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

 Lymphatic tissues and organs
– 2 groups based on function
1. Primary lymphatic organs

1. Secondary lymphatic organs

• Lymph nodes, spleen, lymphatic nodules

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

 Thymus and Medulla
• Thymus
– Outer cortex composed of large number of T cells
– Medulla
• More mature T cells migrate here from cortex
• More epithelial cells, dendritic cells and macrophages

– Thymus shrinks with age from 70g in infants to 3g in old age

• VESTEGEAL ORGAN

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

 Thymus

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

 Lymph nodes
– Located along lymphatic vessels
– Scattered throughout body
PARTS
a.Efferent - exit lymph node at the hilum

b.Afferent - enter lymph node at various locations

c.Trabeculae - divide the node into compartments

d.Germinal centers of compartments produce lymphocytes

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Structure of a Lymph Node

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Lymph
Glands Along the lymph
vessels are small
bean-shaped
lymph glands or
'nodes'. You can
probably feel some
of your lymph
nodes.
 There are lymph
nodes. . .
• Under your arms, in
your armpits
• In each groin (at the
top of your legs)
• In your neck
There are also lymph nodes that you
cannot feel in your . . .

• Abdomen
• Pelvis
• Chest
 Since lymph channels help drain
the excess tissue fluid, what is an
expected complication after a
Radical Mastectomy (Breast
Removal) with lymph node
removal?
• Lymphadenopathy
Self breast Exams
MAMMOGRAPHY
Mastectomy
 Lymph
• Lymph flows through a node in 1 direction only

• Lymph nodes function as a filter

– Foreign substances trapped

– Destroyed by macrophages or immune response of lymphocytes

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

 Spleen
– Largest single mass of lymphatic tissue in the body

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

 Red Pulp
• Red pulp – blood-filled venous sinuses and splenic
(Bilroth’s) cords – red blood cells, macrophages,
lymphocytes, plasma cells, and granulocytes

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Structure of the Spleen

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

 Lymphatic nodules

– Scattered throughout lamina propria of mucous

membranes lining GI, urinary, reproductive tract
– Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) of
respiratory tract

– Some larger – tonsils, Peyer’s patches, appendix

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

 A. Innate immunity
• First line of defenses: Skin and mucous
membranes

– Provide both physical and chemical barriers

– Physical barriers

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

 Innate Immunity
– Fluids
• Lacrimal apparatus of eye
– Washing action of tears
– Lysozyme breaks down bacterial cell walls – also present in saliva,
perspiration, nasal secretions, and tissue fluids
• Saliva washes mouth
• Urine cleanses urinary system
• Vaginal secretions, defecation and vomiting

– Chemicals
• Sebaceous (oil) glands secrete sebum – protective film, acid
• Perspiration, gastric juice, vaginal secretions – all acidic

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Second line of defenses: Internal defenses

– Antimicrobial substances (READ on description and function)

1. Interferons
2. Complement
3. Iron-binding proteins
4. Antimicrobial proteins (AMPs)

– Natural Killer (NK) cells

– Phagocytes

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

 Inflammation

– Nonspecific, defensive response of body to tissue

damage

– 3 basic stages
• Vasodilation and increased blood vessel permeability
• Emigration
• Tissue repair

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

 B. Adaptive immunity
• Ability of the body to defend itself against
specific invading agents
• Antigens (Ags) – substances recognized as
foreign and provoking an immune response

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

 2 types of adaptive immunity

– Cell-mediated

– Antibody-mediated

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Click to edit Master title style

22_table_04
 Describe.
Give and explain the different
hypersensitivity reactions and
give examples for each.
 Types of Hypersensitivity Rxn
a.Type 1-anaphylactic reaction
(sec- min)
– Wasp sting, antibiotic , asthma

b.Type 2-cytotoxic reaction

(hours-day)
– Hemolytic anemia,Transfusion reaction, HDN,
Thrombocytopenia, Myesthenia Gravis
 Types of Hypersensitivity Rxn
• c.Type 3-immune complex reaction
(Hours-days)
– Glomerulonephritis, Rheumatoid arthritis, Lupus,
Serum sickness

d. Type 4- cell mediated/Delayed hypersensitivity

(2-3 days)
– TB, Poison ivy, Leprosy,IDDM, Allograph rejection
 Immunity or Resistance
– Types of immunity
1. Innate or nonspecific immunity – present
at birth
• No specific recognition of invaders, no memory
component
• 1st and 2nd line of defenses
2. Adaptive or specific immunity
• Specific recognition of invaders with a memory
component

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

 Describe the different
immunoglobulins in the immune
system.
 Classes of Antibodies
1. IgG- most abundant, sec antibody response,
crossing placenta natural passive
2. IgA-seen in mucous membranes, saliva, milk,
tears, nasal fluids, bile & urine
3. IgE- small amounts,associated with allergies
4. IgD- found in the surface of B cells important
in activating B cells
5. IgM- Ab present in plasma in response with
contact to antigen in foods or bacteria