DRILLING ENGINEERING

ASSIGNMENT 2
SKPP 3413
LECTURER NAME: DR. OSMAN FARAG
GROUP MEMBERS: 1) MUHAMMAD AKMAL BIN MOHD AKHIRUDIN
2) AMIRUL HAKIM BIN MOHAMAD AZILI
3) MUHAMMAD THORIQ BAGUS
4) MOHD ASHRAF FARHAN BIN MOHD SHUKOR
5) MOHAMMAD RAZIN BIN MOHAMMAD RIDZAN

Petroleum Engineering Department

Faculty of Petroleum and Renewable Energy Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
81310, Skudai, Johor
QUESTION 2
A. Sketch and label the type I of directional well.
QUESTION 2
B. Discuss three reasons multilateral wells being increasingly use.

1. Increased reservoir exposure, higher production: Increasing reserves while minimizing investment is the focus for multilateral
technology, which lets you confidently reenter existing wells. You can drill an additional lateral to increase reservoir exposure or
branch more than one lateral to increase reservoir exposure and target complex reservoirs.
2. Accelerated production: with a lot of branch in one well that’s mean the production can be accelerated ( will get more result at one
time rather than the normal wells)

3. Reduction of surface well equipment and surface facility costs : with multilateral wells you can reduce the cost to drill another well
because all you need to do is make another branch on the drilled wells and you can re enter the existing wells.
QUESTION 2
C. A deep kick-offwell will be drilled with a build section to bypass a salt dome
section. True vertical depth (TVD) at the target point is 10,000 ft, the kick-off
point (KOP) is 7,000 ft, and rate of build of hole angle (BUR) is 1.528/100ft.
determine the total departure and the
measured depth of the hole.

TVD: 10.000
Rb = total departure + Rb cos(θ)
KOP: 7.000 ft Total departure = 1500 ft
Q: 1,528/100 ft
180 1
Rb: ( ∏ ) x (𝑞) = 3750
𝑅𝑏 MD = L + KOP
Θ= (arc sin ( )
𝑅𝑏−𝑋3 2 +(𝑇𝑉𝐷−𝐾𝑂𝑃) 2

Θ= 53.13 Where L= 3477.35 ft

MD = 10,477.35 ft
QUESTION 8
A. Briefly explain with suitable sketchs and given examples for how the
fault can origin the following:
• Subnormal pressure
• Overpressure

Subnormal pressure are pore pressures which are found to lie below the
“normal” pore pressure gradient line. An example as to how it originate is
Thermal Expansion. As sediments and pore fluids are buried the temperature
rises. If the fluid is allowed to expand the density will decrease, and the
pressure will reduce.
QUESTION 8
Overpressure are pore pressures which are found to lie above the “normal”
pore pressure gradient line. An example as to how it originate is faulting. Faults
may redistribute sediments, and place permeable zones opposite impermeable
zones, thus creating barriers to fluid movement. This may prevent water being
expelled from a shale, which will cause high porosity and pressure within that
shale undercompaction.
QUESTION 8
B. State two drilling parameters, three drilling mud parameters and
three drilling cutting parameters can be used for detecting abnormal
pressure.

DRILLING MUD DRILLING CUTTING

DRILLING
PARAMETERS PARAMETERS
PARAMETERS
• Increasing gas cutting • Density of shale
• Drag
of mud cuttings
• Torque
• Decrease in mud • Shale factor
weight • Shale slurry resistivity
QUESTION 8
C. A Texas Gulf Coast well has a pore pressure gradient of 0.735 psi/ft.
Well depth = 11,000 ft. calculate the fracture gradient in units of
lb/gal and also in psi/ft based on the following calculating approaches:

• Hubbert & Willis – Minimum Fracture Gradient (Fmin)

• Hubbert & Willis – Maximum Fracture Gradient (Fmax)
QUESTION 21
A.I) What is ‘key seating’?
Key seating is caused by the rotating drillstring coming into contact
with soft, easily drillable formations. The rotational action causes
the tool-joint to erode a narrow groove in the formation which is
approximately equal to the diameter of the drill pipe tool joint.

II) How a key seating is formed?

The created groove or slot is smaller in size than the larger BHA
components below. When pulling out of hole (POH), the BHA may
be pulled by into narrow -sized key seat resulting in BHA being
stuck.
QUESTION 21
III) How to identify a key seating?
Key seats often seen in soft formations or in wells with ledges and
doglegs. The doglegs and ledges allow the drillstring to bend and
provide points of contact between the tooljoint and the walls of the hole.
Key seats may also develop in casing shoes in highly deviated wells.

IV) How to remove a key seating?

Pipe stuck in a key seat must be worked and jarred downwards (and
only downwards) until free movement and rotation is established.
Once, the drillstring is free in a downwards direction, the string
should slowly pulled past the key seat using minimum tension and
slow rotation.
QUESTION 21
B. I) What is lost circulation?
Lost circulation is the loss of mud or cement to the formation during drilling operations.

II) Explain three causes of lost circulation.

• natural losses
- Occur at coarse sands and gravel beds, natural fissures or fractures and at cavernous formations
• induced fractures
- in formations where the differecnce between pore pressure and formation fracture pressure is
• excessice overbalance.
III) Explain three methods to prevent lost circulation.
• volume of drillcuttings in the annulus
-increases in annular mud weight due to drilled cuttings loading can result in formation breakdown, particularly in surface holes.
• controlling viscosity and gel strength
- Break circulation slowly and increase the pump speed only after returns are obtained.
• controlling surge pressure.
- Applied on the formation as soon as the string is run in the hole.
QUESTION 21
C. List 4 rig site identification to show up the problem of mobile
formation :
• Over pull, down weight and torque are suddenly increased.

• It could happen at anytime as drilling, tripping in and tripping out depending

on how fast plastic formations are moved.

• Most of the time, the BHA gets stuck at the plastic zones because BHA
contains the largest diameter component.

• Circulation is not restricted or is just slightly restricted.

QUESTION 22
1. List 3 reasons why a good mud cake is required at the
permeable zone?
 Minimizes formation damage
 Improves hole stability
 Reduces fluid loss

2. What is the function of the following additives:

i) Barite: as weighting materials
ii)Bentonite: as viscosifiers and fluid-loss reduces
iii)HEC: as viscosifiers
iv)CMC: as fluid- loss reducers and viscosifiers
v)Caustic soda (NaOH): for pH in drilling fluid
QUESTION 22
3. List 4 functions of drilling fluid:
 Cools and lubricates the bit and drill string
 Controls subsurface formation pressure
 Removes and transport cuttings from the bottom of the hole to the surface
 Minimizes sloughing and caving of the formation
QUESTION 22
4. Fill the following blanks:
Mud properties Symbol Testing Unit
Equipment
Density ᵖ Mud balance g/cc , ppg,
lb.cuft
Apparent µa Rheometer cp
viscosity
Bingham yield Yb Rheometer lb/ 100 ft2
Mud cake t Vernier / 32 in
thickness Calliper
Filtrate volume V LPLT Filter cc/ 30 min
Press
QUESTION 22
QUESTION 22
QUESTION 22
B. The mud in the mud tank was measured to be 1200 bbl with a density of 9.3
ppg. The drilling engineer decided to increase the density of this mud to 11.5 ppg
by adding hematite (SG=5.1). If one sack of hematite weighs 90 lb, how many sacks
of hematite should be added? What is the resulting volume?
QUESTION 22
B. The mud in the mud tank was measured to be 1200 bbl with a density of 9.3
ppg. The drilling engineer decided to increase the density of this mud to 11.5 ppg
by adding hematite (SG=5.1). If one sack of hematite weighs 90 lb, how many sacks
of hematite should be added? What is the resulting volume?
QUESTION 22
C. It was later decided to reduce the density of the mud in (b) to 10.7
ppg. How much oil (SG=0.85) must be added? What is the final
volume?
QUESTION 22
C. It was later decided to reduce the density of the mud in (b) to 10.7
ppg. How much oil (SG=0.85) must be added? What is the final
volume?