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IMPORTANCE OF
VARIATION
Variation in Humans
• There are no individuals share exactly the same
characteristics although they have many
similarities
• Example : _________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
TYPE OF
VARIATION
CONTINUOUS VARIATION
• Occurs when there is a complete range of
_______________________________________
for a particular characteristics
• Differences between individuals are ______ and
_____________
• Individual characteristics do undergo _________
___________
• Described as ___________
• The graph : ___________________
(a bell-shaped curve)
• Influenced by _______________________
• Example : ______________________________
______________________________
CONTINUOUS VARIATION
DISCONTINUOUS VARIATION
• Occurs when organisms ___________________
_______________a certain characteristics
• There is __________________ between to
extreme
• The characteristics fall into distinct categories with
_____________________
• Described as _______________
• The graph : ___________________________
• Not influenced by _________________________
• Example : ______________________________
_______________________________________
DISCONTINUOUS VARIATION
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CONTINUOUS AND
DISCONTINUOUS VARIATION
CONTINUOUS DIFFERENCES DISCONTINUOUS
VARIATION VARIATION
Definition and
example
Intermediate
characteristics
Quantitative or
qualitative
Genes
Phenotypes
Environmental factors
CAUSES OF VARIATION
• Genetic
i) mutation
- ______________ mutation
- ______________ mutation
ii) sexual reproduction
- ________________
- ________________
- ________________
• Environmental
i) _____________
ii) _____________
Cause of variation : Crossing over
• Crossing over perform ______________________
• During __________, non-sister chromatid of
homologous chromosomes __________________
• There is an ______________________ segments
during crossing over.
• Then the chromatids ________ during anaphase II
of meiosis
• Gametes are produced with various combination
of chromosomes
Cause of variation : Crossing over
Cause of variation :
Independent assortment
• Independent assortment of ____________
________________
• During metaphase I, the homologous
chromosomes are ________________ on
the metaphase plate
• Each homologous chromosomes is
assorted independently with the _____
________________ for each pair
Independent assortment
Random fertilisation
• Fertilisation occurs when __________
(sperm & ovum) fuse to form zygote
• Fertilisation of a sperm and an ovum
______________________.
• Each gametes has a unique combination
of genes
• Zygote produced will have a variety of
diploid combinations
Random Combination Of The Gametes
• Mutation is _________________________
__________________________________
• Can occurs to particular __________
_____________ in somatic cell or gametes
• Mutation in gametes can be inherited
causing abnormal development in the
offspring
• 2 types of mutation:
1) ______________________
2) ______________________
CHROMOSOMAL MUTATION
• Involves changes in
1) the ___________ of chromosomes
2) ___________ of chromosomes
Down’s
syndrome
Turner’s
syndrome
Klinelfelter’s
syndrome
DIASEASES CONDITION
Sickle-cell anemia • Mutation on gene that _________
______________________
• Haemoglobin will __________
and clumps then change to sickle
shape
• Sickle-cell is ___________ in
oxygen transportation
Albinism • Mutation on gene that controls
_______________
• the gene unable to produce
________________
Polydactylism • mutation on gene that cause an
effected individuals to have and
extra finger or toe
Factor that cause
variation
Factor that cause variation
• Mutagen :
1. ________________________________
2. ________________________________
• Example of mutagen
_______________________________
_______________________________
ENVIRONMENTAL
FACTOR
THAT CAUSE
VARIATION
Camouflage is a __________________ by which an
animal ________________________________ to its
surroundings. Thereby making it difficult for predators or
prey to see it