SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

Krishna Kumar
M.Sc.(stat)- II
 CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Planning and organization of a survey
• Types of sampling
• Errors in sample survey
• Advantage of sample survey
INTRODUCTION
Population:- By population we understand a
group of units defined according to aims and
objects of survey.
Thus a population may consist of all fields under a
specified crop in area and field surveys or all the
house holds having four or more children as in
social- economic survey.
 INTRODUCTION
Sampling concept:-
It is the selection of an aggregate to represent the whole ,in frequently
used in daily life , e.g.
before deciding to buy a lot.
Fisher (1935) introduced the idea of probability structure that deliberately
introduced randomization selection of the sample . Mahalanobis(1944)
introduced another important concept i.e. Cost function.
Sampling:- A sampling method is a scientific and objective procedure of
selecting unit from a population .and provides a sample that is expected
to be true representative of a population as a whole.
INTRODUCTION
Use of sampling:-
Sampling is highly used for national planning and development
,utilization of land and water resources, industrial production,
unemployment and size of labour force wholesale price and retail
prise of a commodity ,income and expenditure of household,
nature of literate persons, school going children and so on.
Planning and organization of a survey
A survey is conducted in following steps :-
(I)object of the survey- before conducting a survey, we clearly state the purpose,
aim and object of the survey that has to be conducted .

(II)population under investigation- here we decide the geographical area and the
group of units on which the data has to be collected.

(Iii) preparation of questionnaire- to full fill our purpose of study we prepare a

questionnaire .
at the third stage of the survey we prepare a list of questions that have to be
collected from the targeted population .The number of questions should not be
too large or too small because, if the questions are too large it may be
uninteresting to the respondent or some busy respondent may not be able to
answer all questions. On other hand if the number of questions are very less, it
may happen that one may not be able to get complete desire information .
the words used in the questionnaire should be such that it is clear to both the
interviewer and respondent.

(IV) Population frame- the population to be sampled can be subdivided into a finite
number of distinct and identifiable units called sample units . The list of
sampling unit is called frame .
Planning and organization of a survey

Population

Targeted population

sample
Planning and organization of a survey
(V) Method of data collection :-
the data is collected by following two methods-
a)Personal interview Method- In this method interviewer collects the data on
questionnaire from the respondent by personal interview the advantage of this
type of survey is that the question is easily understood by the respondent and
generally the data is collected quickly if there are sufficient number of interviewers
.
the cost involved in this method is more and problem of non response is high
because the respondents are mainly labour class or very busy persons may not be
available at their usual place of residence at the time of survey to avoid these
drawbacks we make another survey called mail survey.

b)Mail survey method- Here the questionnaire is send to the respondent by mail
and the respondent may answer the questions. The time taken in this type of
survey is more and the problem of non response also arises. Further this method
requires population which is literate .

(VI)Organization and supervision of field work:-

the field staff and supervisor should be familiar with the objective of the survey .
The type of data to be collected and other matter connected with organization of
survey . They should given intensive training in method to be used for collecting
data and also in method to be used in non response.
Planning and organization of a survey
(VII)Selection of proper sampling design-
it is necessary to specify the degree of precision desired with respect to various
population values to be estimated. No matter how well a survey is organised and
supervised, it will not yield desired unless it is properly designed.

(VIII) Summary and analysis of data –

After collecting the data we go to the following steps :-
( a) Scrutiny and editing of data-when the data is collected scrutinized and
necessary editing is made.

(b)Tabulation of data- when the data is scrutinized it is put in the tabular form so
that the data can be easily summarised .

the number of rows in the table should not be too large or too small generally we
consider 10-15 rows in a table.

( c)Statistical analysis-after putting the data in tabular form its statistical analysis
out and conclusions are made.

( d)Reporting and publication-at the last stage after conclusion are drawn,
necessary reporting is made and then it is published.
Types of sampling
(I)Probability sampling:-
In this type of sampling the units of the population are included in
the sample with predetermined probability. The statistical tastes
are carried out for such type of samples.

(II)Non probability sampling :-

here the units of the population are selected inn the sample
purposively. For such types of sample no statistical tastes are held
expect the measure of central tendency dispersion, skewness and
kurtosis.

(II)Quota sampling:-
Here the population is divided into various groups and the units are
predetermined sized are selected from each group. This selection
may be with probability sampling (for e.g. Stratified sampling ) or
with non probability sampling as the case may be.

Remark:- In our study we are interested in probability sampling.

Errors in sample survey