Electrical

Conductivity

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Tools
 Induction history
 The idea for the tool developed out of mine detector
work done by Henri Doll during the Second World
War.
 The objective is to measure resistivity in fresh or oil-

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based muds.
 The first tools had 5 coils to focus the signal.
 The next generation of tools employed 6 coils.
 The last generation (AIT) use 28 coils
 Two measurement curves were eventually developed,
a medium and a deep paralleling the Laterolog's
shallow and deep readings.
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Induction Principle
 Geometrical Factor
 In a simple model, (tool centred, homogeneous formation), the
response of the tool can be calculated as the sum of all the formation
loops coaxial with the sonde.
 Each signal is proportional to the conductivity and to a Geometrical
Factor, Gi which depends only on the loop position with respect to the

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transmitter and receiver positions.

 The sum of all the geometrical factors is equal to 1.

 Depth of Investigation
 This is equivalent to the plot seen for the laterolog.
 Once again, the depth of investigation can be
obtained from this plot using the same criteria.
 Depth of investigation = zone contributing 50% of

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the signal.
 Shoulder Bed Effect
 To minimize the shoulder bed effect, the tool is
focused using multiple coils.

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 In addition, the shoulder bed response is
suppressed to improve the vertical resolution.

 Deconvolution gives greater weight to the signal

measured at the sonde center and less weight to
the signals from either side.

 The Phasor tool uses the X-signal to make a non-

linear deconvolution correction.
 Borehole Effects
 Induction tools measure Conductivity.
 Induction tools measure resistivity in Parallel.
 Thus Induction tools see the borehole environment as:

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 Cm - Best readings occur in high resistivity mud, oil-based is better, fresh mud
is good, salt-saturated mud is worst.

 Cmc - Usually neglected as very small.

 Cxo - Depends on Rmf - needs to be known.

 Ct - Parameter to be measured, the lower the better.

Corrections
 The tool has to be corrected for borehole effects.

 Procedure
 Compute borehole geometrical factor.

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 Find additional signal due to the borehole.
 Convert log resistivity into conductivity.
 Remove borehole signal from total signal.
 Convert result back to resistivity.

 This is best done in the field using the MAXIS

software

 It is also possible using Chart Books.

Correction Charts (1)

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 Bed Thickness

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 The induction needs to be corrected for the effect of resistive or conductive
shoulder beds.
 After signal processing this effect is minor except in beds less than 6'.
Limits
 Cannot be used in salt-saturated muds unless in small hole sizes.
 Should not be used in high resistivity formations.
 Poor in thin beds.
 Poor when Rxo < Rt.
Dipping beds will affect the logs.

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
Uses

 Measures Rt.

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 Ideal in fresh or oil-based environments.

 Ideal for low resistivity measurements and when

 Rxo > Rt.
 AIT Principle
 The tool measures 28 independent signals from 8 arrays.
There is one transmitter operating at three frequencies.
The in-phase (R) and the quadrature (X) signals are both
measured.

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 The conductivities are combined using radial and depth
functions.

 These are software focused to give:

 5 depths of investigation:10", 20", 30", 60" 90".

 3 vertical resolutions: 1', 2' and 4'.

 AIT Depth of Investigation
 The AIT has set radial depths of investigation which are not affected by
changes in conductivity.
 The values are taken as the point where half the signal comes from
shallower levels.
 In comparison to the 10", 20", 30", 60" and 90" of this tool, the

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medium and deep of the old tool are around 30" and 60" respectively.
 AIT Corrections
 There are well defined borehole corrections to be applied to the
measurement. These are made in real time by the software. The inputs
required are:
 Borehole cross section.
 Mud resistivity.

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 Stand-off.

 The tool can compute any of these from its measured signal as well as
the formation resistivity. However, normal practice is to input at least two
of them.

 A measurement of the mud can be made with an auxiliary sonde or

surface measurement. The former is best as logs made have shown
considerable heterogeneities in the mud column with depth.

 A caliper tool can give the hole dimensions.

 AIT Rt-Rxo-invasion
 As the AIT produces five logs with different depths of investigation, a
more realistic description of the invasion can be made.
 The old model is:

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 New model:

 This model has four unknowns with the addition of a ramp profiled for
the invasion.
 AIT volumes
Variations in formation water, drilling parameters and saturation gradient
obscure comparisons along a well and between wells.

A filtrate invasion profile is constructed and converted to a fluid volume

by multiplying it by porosity.

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 Hence the AIT outputs plus the Rmf are all that is needed to compute
the volume of mud filtrate, Vmf.

The result is integrated with depth to give the volume of filtrate per unit
depth.
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AIT examples (1)
 AIT examples (2)

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Cable tension (T ENS)
10000.0 (LBF) 0.0 90 Inch inv estigation
SFL unaveraged (SFLU)
.2 (ohmm) 2000
0.2 (ohmm) 2000.0 10 Inch inv estigation
Medium resistivity (ILM) .2 (ohmm) 2000
0.2 (ohmm) 2000.0
Deep resistivity (ILD) 20 Inch inv estigation
0.2 (ohmm) 2000.0 .2 (ohmm) 2000
30 Inch inv estigation
.2 (ohmm) 2000
60 Inch inv estigation
.2 (ohmm) 2000
 Microresistivity Devices

 Shallow reading versions of resistivity tools; always pad-

mounted.
 First was the Microlog which is still in use;

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 Second was the Micro Laterolog (MLL), replaced by
 Proximity (PL) tool, replaced by
 MicroSpherically Focused Log (MSFL), replaced by
 Micro Cylindrical Focused Log(MCFL)

 Objective is to read Rxo (Invaded Zone Resistivity) only.

 Tools are focused to pass through the mud cake.

 Microlog Uses
 Microlog is used to identify permeable zones.

2" Micronormal. (A -> M2)

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1" Microinverse. (A -> M1)
(Slightly different depths of investigation).

 If the zone of investigation is shale (no invasion), both curves read the
same.
 If the zone is sand (with invasion), Microinverse reads mud cake plus
some of the formation and Micronormal reads some mud cake plus
the formation (slightly higher).
 We are only interested in the separation between these curves and so
scales are chosen to show this and not the rest of the readings.
MSFL Principle

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 This tool uses a set of 5 electrodes which focus the signal into the
invaded zone just beyond the mud cake.
 MSFL Borehole Corrections
 In spite of its focusing, the tool still needs to be corrected for the mud
cake thickness and resistivity.
 The correction requires an input of mud cake thickness which is not
measured directly.

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 It also needs the mud cake resistivity which is either measured or
computed from charts.
 The tool focusing has been set assuming there is always some mud
cake, hence the tool always needs some correction.
Uses and Limits
 Uses:
 Rxo measurement in water-based muds.
 Correction for deep resistivity tools.

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 Sxo determination.

 Limits:
 Rugose hole.
 Oil-based mud.
 Heavy or thick mud cake.