HABITAT

ECOLOGICAL NICHE AND EQUIVALENT

NATURAL SELECTION
ARTIFICIAL SELECTION
SYMPATRY AND ALLOPATRY

Ruelyn D. Murillo
HABITAT
 An area where organisms live and
reproduces
 The organism’s “ADDRESS”

2 broad categories
 Microhabitat – small specialized habitat
within a larger habitat
 Macrohabitat -
HABITAT
Presence of Dominant Physical Features
Terrestrial

Aquatic

Presence of Dominant Vegetation

Forest

Grassland
 ECOLOGICAL NICHE
 The physical space occupied by an organism,
its functional role in the community (trophic
position), and it’s position in the environmental
gradients of temperature, moisture, pH, soil,
and other conditions of existence.
3 Aspects
 Spatial or habitat niche
 Charles Elton – functional status of an organism
in its community
 Trophic niche
 Multidimensional or hyper volume niche

 G.E. Hutchinson
THANK YOU!!!
Reporter: Ruelyn Murillo
 ECOLOGICAL NICHE
 The physical space occupied by an organism,
its functional role in the community (trophic
position), and it’s position in the environmental
gradients of temperature, moisture, pH, soil,
and other conditions of existence.

3 Aspects
 Spatial or habitat niche

 Trophic niche

 Multidimensional or hyper volume niche

 The niche is its “PROFESSION”

 Habitat Niche
 “Address”  “Profession”
 All of the biotic  A niche includes
and abiotic all physical,
factors in the chemical, and
area where an biological factors
organism lives. that a species
needs to survive,
stay healthy, and
reproduce.
ECOLOGICAL EQUIVALENTS
 Species that occupy the same niche in
different geographical regions
(continents and major oceans)

 Unrelated organisms that occupy

similar habitats and resemble each
other. Ecological equivalents result
from convergent evolution.
SELECTION
NATURAL SELECTION
 is an evolutionary process by which
genetic traits in a population change as a
result of the differential survival and
reproductive success of the individuals
bearing those traits.
 Charles Darwin – The Origin of Species by
means of Natural Selection
 It is one of the basic mechanisms of
evolution, along with mutation, migration,
and genetic drift.
NATURAL SELECTION
CRITERIA
 There is variation in traits.
 There is differential reproduction.
 There is heredity.
NATURAL SELECTION
 There is variation in traits.
 There is differential reproduction.
 There is heredity.
 End result.
NATURAL SELECTION
 There is variation in traits.
 There is differential reproduction.
 There is heredity.
 End result.
NATURAL SELECTION
 There is variation in traits.
 There is differential reproduction.
 There is heredity.
 End result.
NATURAL SELECTION
 There is variation in traits.
 There is differential reproduction.
 There is heredity.
 End result.
Natural Selection Artificial
Selection

- Occurs in nature - Occurs with human

intervention

- artificially selected
traits are based on what
the person breeding the
plants and animals
desires.

NATURE SELECTS HUMANS SELECTS

ARTIFICIAL SELECTION
 The process of domestication
 Like natural selection, artificial
selection acts by allowing differential
reproductive success to individuals
with different genetically determined
traits in order to increase the
frequency of desirable traits in the
population.
 It is a selection carried out to adapt
plants and animals to human needs
 EXAMPLE: Corn var.
 Species – Interbreed , fertile offspring
 Natural biological unit tied up together by
the sharing of a common gene pool.

 Speciation – formation of new species

 This occurs when gene flow within the
common pool is interrupted by an isolating
mechanisms.
 Species – Interbreed , fertile offspring
 Natural biological unit tied up together by
the sharing of a common gene pool.

 Speciation – formation of new species

 This occurs when gene flow within the
common pool is interrupted by an isolating
mechanisms.
ALLOPATRY (ALLO – OTHER, PATRIC - HOMELAND)

 Occurs to geographical separation of populations

descended from the common ancestor.

 Allopatric speciation occurs when two species are

living in separate environments and therefore
there is no gene flow between the populations.

 This will then cause the populations to

differentiate (change) because they will become
adapted to the different environments and niches
they are living in.
SYMPATRY
 When isolation occurs through ecological or
genetic means within the same geographical
area.

 Sympatric speciation occurs when two species

are living in the same environment.

 Thespecies occupy the same niche, however it

may come down to some barriers (pre-zygotic
or post-zygotic) that prevent gene flow, for
example mating at different times of the day.