Motors & Its Fundamentals

Abhijeet Singh
M.Tech (ES)
 Simple DC Motor
 A machine that converts DC electrical power into mechanical
power is known as a Direct Current motor. DC motor working
is based on the principle that when a current carrying
conductor is placed in a magnetic field, the conductor
experiences a mechanical force
 DC Gear Motor
 A Gear motor is a type of electrical machinery that is able to
produce high torque at low speed motor output.

 Applications: A gear motor is often found in many home

electrical appliances. These include can openers, control knobs
in washer and dryer machines, alarm clocks and garage door
openers. Commercially, a gear motor is often found in
motorized hospital beds, heavy-duty cranes and commercial
lifters or jacks.
DC Gear Motor
 Core less Motor
 Coreless DC motors differ from traditional DC motors in
significant ways. The most obvious and important difference is
the rotor winding. Instead of coils wound around a stack of
iron laminations, the coil is formed as a thin hollow cylinder
 Brushless Motor
 The BLDC motor is widely used in applications including
appliances, automotive, aerospace, consumer, medical,
automated industrial equipment and instrumentation.
 The BLDC motor is electrically commutated by power switches
instead of brushes. Compared with a brushed DC motor or an
induction motor, the BLDC motor has many advantages:
 Higher efficiency and reliability ,Lower acoustic noise ,Smaller
and lighter , Greater dynamic response Better speed versus
torque characteristics , Higher speed range , Longer life
Electronic Speed Controls(esc)
 The term ESC stands for an electronic speed control is an
electronic circuit used to change the speed of an electric
motor, its route and also to perform as a dynamic brake. These
are frequently used on radio controlled models which are
electrically powered, with the change most frequently used for
brushless motors basically providing an electronically
produced 3-phase electric power low voltage source of energy
for the motor. An ESC can be a separate unit which lumps into
the throttle receiver control channel or united into the
receiver itself, as is the situation in most toy-grade R/C
vehicles
 Solenoid
 Solenoid is the generic term for a coil of wire used as an
electromagnet. It also refers to any device that converts
electrical energy to mechanical energy using a solenoid. The
device creates a magnetic field from electric current and uses
the magnetic field to create linear motion. Common
applications of solenoids are to power a switch, like the starter
in an automobile, or a valve, such as in a sprinkler system.
 Solenoid Valve
 A solenoid valve is an electromechanical device in which
the solenoid uses an electric current to generate a magnetic
field and thereby operate a mechanism which regulates the
opening of fluid flow in a valve.
 Stepper Motor
 A stepper motor, also known as step motor or stepping
motor, is a brushless DC electric motor that divides a full
rotation into a number of equal steps. The motor's position
can then be commanded to move and hold at one of these
steps without any position sensor for feedback (an open-loop
controller), as long as the motor is carefully sized to the
application in respect to torque and speed.
 Motor Driver
 A motor driver is an integrated circuit chip which is usually
used to control motors in autonomous robots. Motor driver
act as an interface between Arduino and the motors . The
most commonly used motor driver IC’s are from the L293
series such as L293D, L293NE, etc. These ICs are designed to
control 2 DC motors simultaneously. L293D consist of two H-
bridge. H-bridge is the simplest circuit for controlling a low
current rated motor. We will be referring the motor driver IC
as L293D only. L293D has 16 pins.
 H Bridge
 The term H bridge is derived from the typical graphical
representation of such a circuit. An H bridge is built with four
switches (solid-state or mechanical). When the switches S1
and S4 (according to the first figure) are closed (and S2 and S3
are open) a positive voltage will be applied across the motor.
By opening S1 and S4 switches and closing S2 and S3 switches,
this voltage is reversed, allowing reverse operation of the
motor.
 Using the nomenclature above, the switches S1 and S2 should
never be closed at the same time, as this would cause a short
circuit on the input voltage source. The same applies to the
switches S3 and S4. This condition is known as shoot-through.
 Thank You

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