CENTRAL NERVOUS

SYSTEM
THE BRAIN
Major Parts of the
Brain
 Cerebrum

 Cerebellum

 Diencephalon

 Brain stem
PROTECTION OF THE BRAIN
 Cranium
 Cranial meninges
 Dura mater
 Arachnoid mater
 Pia mater
BLOOD FLOW

 internal carotid arteries

 vertebral arteries

 Internal jugular veins

BLOOD–BRAIN BARRIER
 Protects brain cells from harmful substances and
pathogens
 Tight junctions (+)
 water-soluble substances : glucose, cross the BBB by active
transport.
 creatinine, urea, and most ions, cross the BBB very slowly
 proteins and most antibiotic drugs—do not pass BBB
 lipid-soluble substances : oxygen, carbon dioxide, alcohol,
and most anesthetic agents, easily cross the blood–brain
barrier.
 Trauma, certain toxins, and inflammation can cause a
breakdown of BBB
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
 Clear, colorless liquid
 Protects brain and spinal cord from injuries

 carries oxygen, glucose, and other needed

chemicals from blood to neurons and neuroglia
 circulates through cavities in brain and spinal
cord and around the brain and spinal cord in
subarachnoid space (between arachnoid mater
and pia mater).
 CSF volume : 80 to 150 mL (adult)
 contains glucose, proteins, lactic acid, urea, cations
(Na, K, Ca2, Mg2), and anions (Cl and HCO3), some
white blood cells
Function
 1. Mechanical protection
 shock-absorbing medium
 2. Chemical protection
 provides an optimal chemical environment for accurate
neuronal signaling
 3. Circulation
 allows exchange of nutrients and waste products
between blood and nervous tissue.
 FORMATION OF CSF
 Ventricles : CSF-filled cavities
within the brain
 lateral ventricle : in each
hemisphere of cerebrum.
Anteriorly separated by septum
pellucidum (SEP-tum pe-LOO-
sidum
 3rd ventricle : narrow cavity along
midline superior to hypothalamus
and between right and left halves
of thalamus
 4th ventricle lies between brain
stem & cerebellum.
 FORMATION OF CSF
 choroid plexuses
in the walls of the
ventricles
 ependymal cells that
form cerebrospinal
fluid from blood
plasma by filtration
and secretion
CIRCULATION OF CSF
BRAIN STEM
 part of the brain between spinal cord and
diencephalon
 3 structures :

 (1) medulla oblongata

 (2) pons

 (3) midbrain
MEDULLA OBLONGATA

 sensory (ascending)
tracts
 motor (descending)
tracts
 Pyramids :
corticospinal tracts
 Decussation of
pyramids
NUCLEI (COLLECTION OF NEURONAL
CELL BODIES WITHIN THE CNS)
 Cardiovascular center
 medullary rhythmicity area
:respiratory center
 vomiting & Deglutition center
 Inferior olivary nucleus
 Gracile nucleus & cuneate
nucleus
 gustatory nucleus
 cochlear nuclei
 vestibular nuclei
 Nuclei of 5 pairs of cranial
nerves vestibulocochlear (VIII),
glossopharyngeal (IX) nerves,
vagus (X) , accessory (XI)
nerves (cranial portion)
hypoglossal (XII) nerves.
PONS
 Bridge that connects different parts of the brain with
one another
 pontine nuclei : relayed signals for voluntary
movements from motor areas of cerebral cortex
 vestibular nuclei : components of equilibrium pathway
from inner ear to the brain
 pneumotaxic area & apneustic area : respiration

 Nuclei of 4 pairs of cranial nerves : trigeminal (V)

nerves, abducens (VI) nerves, facial (VII) nerves, and
vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerves.
MIDBRAIN
 contains nuclei and tracts
 Cerebral peduncles : axons of corticospinal,
corticopontine, and corticobulbar tracts (conduct nerve
impulses from motor areas in cerebral cortex to spinal
cord, pons, and medulla)
 Tectum
 superior colliculi (reflex centers for certain visual
activities)
 inferior colliculi (relaying impulses from the receptors for
hearing in the inner ear to the brain)
 substantia nigra
 red nuclei
 look reddish (rich blood supply and an iron-
containing pigment in neuronal cell bodies)
 help control some voluntary movements of the limbs

 Nuclei of 2 pairs of cranial nerves:

 oculomotor (III) nerves and trochlear (IV) nerve
RETICULAR FORMATION
 broad region where white matter and gray
matter exhibit a netlike arrangement
 ascending (sensory) functions
 Reticular activating system (RAS)
 sensory axons project to cerebral cortex
 helps maintain consciousness and is active during
awakening from sleep
 descending (motor) functions
 help regulate posture and muscle tone
THE CEREBELLUM
• Smoothes and
coordinates
contractions of
skeletal muscles
• Regulates posture
and Balance
• May have a role
in cognition and
language
processing
 central constricted area : vermis ( worm)
 Cerebellar hemispheres
 Anterior and posterior lobe govern subconscious aspects of
skeletal muscle movements
 flocculonodular lobe : equilibrium and balance
 Cerebellar cortex
 consists of gray matter/ folia ( leaves)
 cerebellar nuclei
 axons carrying impulses from the cerebellum to other brain
centers
 cerebellar peduncles
 Superior, middle, and inferior
 Conduct impulses between the cerebellum and other parts
of the brain.
CEREBRUM (CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES)
 Cerebral cortex is gray matter over white
matter
 2-4 mm thick contains billions of cells
– Folds (gyri) & grooves (sulci or fissures)
 Longitudinal fissure: separates L & R
Cerebral Hemispheres
 Corpus callosum band of white matter
connects L & R cerebral hemis.
 Each hemisphere is subdivided into 4 lobes :
 Frontal
 Parietal
 Temporal
 Occipital
FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE
CEREBRAL CORTEX

 Sensory area
 Primary somatosensory area (areas 1,2, and 3)
 Primary visual area (area 17)
 Primary auditory area (areas 41 and 42)
 Primary gustatory area (area 43)
 Primary olfactory area (area 28)
 Motor area
 Primary motor area (area 4)
 Broca’s speech area (areas 44 and 45)

 Association area
CEREBRAL WHITE MATTER
 Association tracts
 axons that conduct nerve impulses between gyri
in the same hemisphere
 Commissural tracts
 axons that conduct nerve impulses from gyri in
one cerebral hemisphere to corresponding gyri in the
other cerebral hemisphere.
 corpus callosum , anterior commissure, and
posterior commissure.
 Projection tracts
 axons that conduct nerve impulses from the
cerebrum to lower parts of the CNS (thalamus, brain
stem, or spinal cord) or from lower parts of the CNS
to the cerebrum
DIENCEPHALON

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
GANGLIA
BASALIS

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32
GANGLIA BASALIS
 help initiate and terminate movements of the
body
 Suppress unwanted movements and regulate
muscle tone
 influence many aspects of cortical function,
including sensory, limbic, cognitive, and
linguistic functions
 Disorders : Parkinson disease
LIMBIC SYSTEM
• Sistem limbik: jaringan otak di sekitar hilus
hemispherium cerebri (hippocampus, amygdala, lobus
limbik, thalamus, mesencephalon, septal nuclei)
• Korteks limbik  bagian tertua cortex, dari
allocortex & juxtallo cortex
 “emotional brain”
 primary role in a range of emotions
 pleasure, pain, docility, affection, fear, and anger
 olfaction (smell) and memory
 hippocampus, together with other parts of the
cerebrum, functions in memory
• Koneksi sistem limbik (sirkuit tertutup):
Hippocampus – Fornix – Corpus mamillaris –
Nuclei thalamus anterior – Cortex cingulatum –
Hippocampus
Terima kasih.....

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