Group 2

Rieke Mawar
Aurelia Dwiari

Enrico
Wawan Tjoanda
Agus
Maya
Elliyah Dwi
Alam
Fatma
Yudistira
 What is TYPHOID FEVER
 Typhoid fever is an infection of the intestinal tract and occasionally the
bloodstream. It is caused by the bacteria, Salmonella Typhi. It is a rare
disease with approximately 400 cases occurring annually in the United
States. Most cases are acquired during travel to underdeveloped countries
 Who gets typhoid fever
 Anyone can get typhoid fever, but the risk is greatest among travelers
visiting countries where the disease is common. Occasionally, local cases
can be traced to exposure to a person who is a chronic carrier.
 How is typhoid fever spread?
 Salmonella Typhi is passed in the feces and, to some extent, the urine of
infected people. The germs are spread by eating or drinking water or
foods contaminated by feces from the infected individual.
What are the symptoms of typhoid
fever
 Symptoms may be mild or severe and may include fever, headache,
constipation or diarrhea, an enlarged spleen and liver, and, in some cases,
rose-colored spots on the trunk
 Symptoms may appear from three to greater than 60 days after exposure,
but usually in 8-14 days
How long can an infected person carry
the bacteria
 The carrier stage varies from a number of days to years. Only about 3
percent of cases go on to become lifelong carriers and this tends to occur
more often in adults than in children.
 How is typhoid fever treated
 Specific antibiotics, such as ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or
ciprofloxacin are often used to treat cases of typhoid
Should infected people be isolated
 Only people with active diarrhea who are unable to control their bowels
(e.g., infants, certain disabled individuals) should be isolated. Most
infected people may return to work or school when they have recovered,
provided they carefully wash hands after toilet use. Children in daycare
and other sensitive situations must obtain approval from the Division of
Public Health before returning to their routine activities. Food handlers and
those who provide patient care may not return to work until three
consecutive negative stool specimens are obtained
Is there a vaccine for typhoid
 A vaccine is available but is generally reserved for people traveling to
underdeveloped countries where significant exposure may occur. The
most effective means of prevention is strict attention to food and water
precautions when traveling to such countries
Treatment
 Antibiotic therapy is the only effective treatment for typhoid fever.
 Commonly prescribed antibiotics
 Commonly prescribed antibiotics include:
 Ciprofloxacin (Cipro). In the United States, doctors often prescribe this for
nonpregnant adults. Another similar drug called ofloxacin also may be
used. Unfortunately, many Salmonella typhi bacteria are no longer
susceptible to antibiotics of this type, particularly strains acquired in
Southeast Asia.
 Azithromycin (Zithromax). This may be used if a person is unable to take
ciprofloxacin or the bacteria is resistant to ciprofloxacin.
 Ceftriaxone. This injectable antibiotic is an alternative in more-complicated
or serious infections and for people who may not be candidates for
ciprofloxacin, such as children.
 These drugs can cause side effects, and long-term use can lead to the
development of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria.
 https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/typhoid-fever/diagnosis-
treatment/drc-20378665
 https://www.dhss.delaware.gov/dhss/dph/files/typhoidfaq.pdf