GROUP 2

AVANCENA, MIR GRACE

DONAN, JEMROSE
NATIAL, JOANNA
PENDON, ADRIAN
SORRENO, ERIKA YASMIN
 WATER QUALITY
Refers to the chemical, physical, biological, and
radiological characteristics of water. It is a measure of
the condition of water relative to the requirements of one
or more biotic species and or to any human need or
purpose. It is most frequently used by reference to a set
of standards against which compliance, generally
achieved through treatment of the water, can be
assessed. The most common standards used to assess
water quality relate to health of ecosystems, safety of
human contact, and drinking water.
 Physical
1. Color of Water
• The color of water is due to the suspended particles
and organic matter
• Ranges from light to dark brown
2. Odor
• Pure water is odorless
• When water dissolves other substances, the odor is
determined by them
3. Turbidity
• Muddiness in water
• Comes due to suspended particles from clay, silt and
organic matter

4. Temperature
• Essential for all environmental studies
• Controls many ecological processes including
chemical reactions
• Temperature of surface water varies from space, time
and depth.
5. Conductivity
• Ability of a substance to conduct an electrical current
• The presence of charged ionic species makes water
conductive
 Chemical
1. pH of Water
• Refers to the effective concentration of hydrogen ions
in water

2. Total Dissolved Solids

• Total of all ions present in water, expressed in ppm or
mg/L
• Determines the suitability of water for use and
consumption
3. Based on Ionic Charges
• Major Cations in water:
Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium and Potassium
• Major Anions in water:
Bicarbonate, Carbonate, Chrolide, Sulphate, Nitrate and
Phosphate

4. Trace Elements
• Play a significant role in the use of water
• Deficiency or excess intake of some of these elements
may cause serious health problems and to life
5. Hardness
• Is defined as its content of metallic ions which react
with sodium soaps to produce a residue

6. Salinity
• Comes due to sodium and chloride
• Sea water contains 35,000 ppm or mg/L of dissolved
salts
7. Alkalinity
• Combined effect of Bicarbonates and Carbonates with
Calcium ions
• Has a direct relationships with pH
• Carbonates will be noticeable of water having a pH of
more than 8.2
• Pesticides chemicals that are used to kill insects and other
organisms. These chemicals are washed off of plants
chemical run off when it rains and are soaked up in the
ground soil or flushed in a nearly water source. The
chemical tend to build up in human and animals bodies
causing long term health problems.

• Human waste human activities cause most water

pollution. 150 years ago, human waste was dumped into
drinking water causing diseases like cholera to spread and
kill. Dumping of human waste, such as septic tank leakage,
and illegal dumping are still issues today.
• Industrial waste is the waste produced by industrial
activity which includes any material that is rendered
useless during a manufacturing process such as that of
factories, mills and mines. It has existed since the outset
of the industrial revolution. Sewage treatment can be used
to clean water tainted with industrial waste.

• Chemical waste factory processes involve toxic chemicals

and strong acids. Toxic waste is released as a result of
manufacturing. Laws try and control point sources of many
chemical pollutions, however some factories still illegally
release these chemicals.

• Stored chemical wastes in barrels cause nonpoint sources

of pollution. These barrels tend to leak and can affect
wildlife and water sources from afar.
 WATER TREATMENT
Is any process that improves the quality of water to
make it more acceptable for a specific end-use. The end
use may be drinking, industrial water supply, irrigation,
river flow maintenance, water recreation or many other
uses, including being safely returned to the environment.
Water treatment removes contaminants and undesirable
components, or reduces their concentration so that the
water becomes fit for its desired end-use.
 Treatment for drinking water production involves the
removal of contaminants from raw water to produce water
that is pure enough for human consumption without any
short term or long term risk of any adverse health effect.
Substances that are removed during the process of drinking
water treatment include suspended solids, bacteria, algae,
viruses, fungi, and minerals such as iron and manganese.

The processes involved in removing the contaminants

include physical processes such as settling and filtration,
chemical processes such as disinfection and coagulation and
biological processes such as slow sand filtration.
A combination selected from the following processes is used
for municipal drinking water treatment worldwide:
• Pre-chlorination for algae control & arresting biological
growth.
• Aeration along with pre-chlorination for removal of
dissolved iron when present with small amounts relatively
of manganese.
• Coagulation for flocculation or slow-sand filtration
• Coagulant aids, also known as polyelectrolytes – to
improve coagulation and for more robust floc formation
• Sedimentation for solids separation that is the removal of
suspended solids trapped in the floc
• Filtration to remove particles from water either by passage
through a sand bed that can be washed and reused or by
passage through a purpose designed filter that may be
washable.
• Disinfection for killing bacteria viruses and other
pathogens.
 Wastewater treatment is the process that removes the
majority of the contaminants from wastewater or sewage
and produces both a liquid effluent suitable for disposal to
the natural environment and a sludge. Biological processes
can be employed in the treatment of wastewater and these
processes may include, for example, aerated lagoons,
activated sludge or slow sand filters.
 To be effective, sewage must be conveyed to a
treatment plant by appropriate pipes and infrastructure and
the process itself must be subject to regulation and controls.
Some wastewaters require different and sometimes
specialized treatment methods. At the simplest level,
treatment of sewage and most wastewaters is carried out
through separation of solids from liquids, usually
by sedimentation. By progressively converting dissolved
material into solids, usually a biological floc, which is then
settled out, an effluent stream of increasing purity is
produced.
 Two of the main processes of industrial water
treatment are boiler water treatment and cooling water
treatment. A large amount of proper water treatment can lead
to the reaction of solids and bacteria within pipe work and
boiler housing. Steam boilers can suffer from scale
or corrosion when left untreated. Scale deposits can lead to
weak and dangerous machinery, while additional fuel is
required to heat the same level of water because of the rise
in thermal resistance. Poor quality dirty water can become a
breeding ground for bacteria such as Legionella causing a
risk to public health.
 With the proper treatment, a significant proportion of
industrial on-site wastewater might be reusable. This can
save money in three ways: lower charges for lower water
consumption, lower charges for the smaller volume of
effluent water discharged and lower energy costs due to the
recovery of heat in recycled wastewater.
 Corrosion in low pressure boilers can be caused by
dissolved oxygen, acidity and excessive alkalinity. Water
treatment therefore should remove the dissolved oxygen and
maintain the boiler water with the appropriate pH and
alkalinity levels. Without effective water treatment, a
cooling water system can suffer from scale formation,
corrosion and fouling and may become a breeding ground
for harmful bacteria. This reduces efficiency, shortens plant
life and makes operations unreliable and unsafe.
 Water supplied to domestic properties may be further
treated before use, often using an in-line treatment process.
Such treatments can include water softening or ion
exchange. Many proprietary systems also claim to remove
residual disinfectants and heavy metal ions.