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For E > EF : f ( E EF ) 0
1 exp ()
1
For E < EF : f ( E EF ) 1
1 exp ()
EF
0 1 f(E) 2
Fermi-Dirac distribution: Consider T > 0 K
If E = EF then f(EF) = ½
E EF 3kT E EF
If then exp 1
kT
( E EF )
Thus the following approximation is valid: f ( E ) exp
kT
E EF
If E EF 3kT then exp 1
kT
E EF
Thus the following approximation is valid: f ( E ) 1 exp
kT
So, 1f(E) = Probability that a state is empty, decays to zero.
So, most states will be filled.
kT (at 300 K) = 0.025eV, Eg(Si) = 1.1eV, so 3kT is very small
in comparison.
3
Temperature dependence of Fermi-Dirac distribution
4
5
Equilibrium distribution of carriers
g V ( E ) 1 f ( E ) dE
EV
p0
EBottom
6
Properties of a Fermion gas
The internal energy of a gas of N fermions
Integration by parts (I)
products of functions into other, hopefully simpler, integrals. The rule arises
from the product rule of differentiation.
If u = f(x), v = g(x), and the differentials du = f '(x) dx and dv = g'(x) dx; then in
its simplest form the product rule is
u dv uv vdu
Integration by parts (II)
In the traditional calculus curriculum, this rule is often stated using indefinite integrals in
f ( x ) g '( x ) dx f ( x) g ( x)
ln
x
f
x
2
' ( x ) g ( x ) dx
dx
the form
Since ln x simplifies to 1/x when differentiated, we make this part of ƒ; since 1/x2
simplifies to −1/x when integrated, we make this part of g. The formula now yields
ln x ln x
x 2 dx x (1 / x)(1 / x)dx
At T = 0, U = (3/5)NεF , this energy is large because all the electrons must
occupy the lowest energy states up to the Fermi level.
The mean kinetic energy of an electron, even at absolute zero, is two orders of
magnitude greater than the mean kinetic energy of an ordinary gas
molecule at room temperature.
Heat capacity
For temperatures that are small compared with the Fermi temperature, we can
neglect the second term in the expansion compared with the first and obtain
• Thus the electronic specific heat capacity is 2.2 x 10-2 R. This
small value explains why metals have a specific heat capacity of
about 3R, the same as for other solids.
Thus
P = 2/5 *5.9*1028 *(1.38*10-23) (6.5*104)
= 2.1*1010 Pa = 2.1*105 atm.
Given this tremendous pressure, we can appreciate the role of the surface
potential barrier in keeping the electrons from evaporating from the metal.
19.5 Applications to White Dwarf Stars
The temperature inside the core of a typical star is at the order of 107 K.
The atoms are completely ionized at such a high T, which creates a hugh electron
gas
The loss of gravitational energy balances with an increase in the kinetic energy of
the electrons and ions, which prevent the collapse of star!
Example: The pressure of the electron gas in Sirius B can be
calculated with the formula
Since
can be expressed as
Where
For gravitational energy of a solid
With
In summary
2.69 103 Kg
N
m 3 6.02 10 26 atoms
5.99 10 28
V 27 Kg kilo mole
kilomole
N
# Density for electrons 3
V
1.8 10 29
6.63 10
2
34 2
3 1.8 10 29
3
F
31
5.6 2.1 11.8eV
2 9.1110 8
19.7b) Show that the aluminum at T=100 K, μ differs from εF by
less than 0.01%. (The density of aluminum is 2.69 x 103 kg m-
3 and its atomic weight is 27.)
2 T
2
0 1
12 TF
2
2 1000 K
0 1
12 11.8eV
8.62 10 5 eVK 1
0 1 4.38 10 5
less than 0.01%
19.7c) Calculate the electronic contribution to the specific heat
capacity of aluminum at room temperature and compare it to
3R.
T 2 kT
Ce Nk Nk
2 TF 2 F
19.13. Consider the collapse of the sun into a white dwarf. For
the sun, M= 2 x 1030 kg, R = 7 x 108 m, V= 1.4 x 1027 m3.
Calculate the Fermi energy of the Sun’s electrons.
2 10 30
No. of electrons 27
1.205 10 57
1.66 10
1
# of electrons of nucleous
2
N 1.205 2 10 57
V 1.4 10 27
2
h2 3N 3
F
2me 8V
2
1.205 7.23 10 27 3
F 0.33me v
27
1 . 26 1 .4 10
F 0.33me v 6.248 10 5
F 20.6eV
(b) What is the Fermi temperature?
F 20.6eV
TF 2.39 10 k
5
k 8.62 10 eVk
5 1
(c) What is the average speed of the electrons in the fermion gas
(see problem 19-4). Compare your answer with the speed of
light.