1882-1885

After finishing the 4th year of the

medical course in the University of the
Santo Tomas, Jose Rizal, being disgusted
with the antiquated method of
instruction in this Dominican-owned
university and the racial prejudice of
Dominican professors against Filipino
students, decided to complete his studies
in Spain.
 To observe keenly the life and
culture, languages and customs,
industries and commerce, and
governments and law of the
European nations in order to
prepare himself in the mighty track
task of liberating his oppressed
people from Spanish tyranny.
 Rizal’s departure for Spain was kept
secret to avoid detection by the Spanish
authorities and the friars.
Only his older brother (Paciano), his
uncle (Antonio Rivera, father of Leonor
Rivera), his sister (Neneng), the Valenzuela
family (Capitan Juan and Capitana Sanday
and their daughter Orang), Pedro A. Paterno,
his compadre Mateo Evangelista, the Ateneo
Jesuit fathers, and some intimate friends,
including Chengoy (Jose M. Cecilio).
 The kind Jesuit priests gave him
letters of recommendation to the
members of their Society in
Barcelona. He used the name Jose
Mercado, a cousin from Binan.
On May 3, 1882, Rizal departed on board the
Spanish steamer Salvadora bound for
Singapore.
 During the voyage to Singapore
he carefully observed the people
and things on board the steamer.
There were sixteen passengers,
including himself – “five or six
ladies, many children, and the rest
gentlemen. He was the only Filipino,
the rest were Spaniards, British, and
Indian Negroes.
 The ship captain, Donato Lecha,
from Asturias, Spain, befriended
him. Rizal described him in his
travel diary as an affable man,
“much more refined than his other
countrymen and colleagues that I
have met”. He was, however,
peeved by some Spaniards who
spoke ill of the Philippines.
 May 8, 1882 – the steamer was approaching
Singapore, Rizal saw a beautiful island.
Fascinated by its scenic beauty, he
remembered “Talim Island with the Susong
Dalaga”.
 May 9, 1882 – the Salvadora docked at
Singapore, Rizal landed, registered at
Hotel de la Paz, and spent two days on
a sightseeing soiree of the city. He saw
the following:
 The famous Botanical Garden
 Beautiful Buddhist temples
 Busy shopping district
 Statue of Sir Thomas Stanford Raffles
(founder of Singapore)
 Rizal transferred to another ship
Djemnah, a French steamer, which
left Singapore for Europe on May 11.
Among these passengers were
British, French, Dutch, Spaniards,
Malays, Siamese, and Filipinos (Mr.
and Mrs. Salazar, Mr. Vicente Pardo,
and Jose Rizal)
May 17 – the Djemnah reached Point
Galle, a seacoast town in southern
Ceylon (now Sri Lanka). Rizal was
unimpressed by this town. On his
travel diary, he wrote: “The general
appearance of Point Galle is
picturesque but lonely and quiet and
at the same time sad”.
May 18 – Djemnah weighed anchor
and resume the voyage towards
Colombo, the capital of Ceylon. After
a few hours of sailing, he reached the
city at the same day.
 From Colombo, the Djemnah continued
the voyage crossing the Indian Ocean to the
Cape of Guardafui, Africa.
For the first time, Rizal sighted the barren
coast of Africa. Which he called an
“inhospitable land but famous”.
 At the next stopover – in Aden – Rizal went
ashore to see the sights. He found the city,
hotter than Manila. From Aden, the Djemnah
proceeded to the city of Suez, the Red Sea
terminal of the Suez Canal.
 It took the Djemnah five days to
traverse the Suez Canal. Rizal was
thrilled because it was his first trip
through this canal which was build by
Ferdinand de Lesseps (French
diplomatic-engineer). It was
inaugurated on November 17. 1869.
At Port Said, the Mediterranean
terminal of the Suez Canal, Rizal
landed in order to see the interesting
sights.
 From Port Said, the Djemnah proceeded
on its way to Europe. On June 11, Rizal
reached Naples. This Italian city pleased him
because of its business activity, its lively
people, and its panoramic beauty. He was
fascinated by Mt. Vesuvius, the Castle of St.
Telmo, and other historic sights of the city.
 On the night of June 12, the steamer
docked at the French harbor of Marseilles.
Rizal visited the famous Chateau d’lf, where
Dantes, hero of The Count of Monte Cristo,
was imprisoned.
 On the afternoon of June 15, Rizal
left Marseilles by train for the last lap of
his trip to Spain. He cross the Pyrenees
and stopped for a day at the frontier
town of Port Bou.
 After the passport inspection at Port-Bou,
Rizal continued his trip by rail, finally reaching
his destination – Barcelona on June 16, 1882.
 Later, he changed his bad impression
and came to like the city. He found it to
be really a great city, with an atmosphere
of freedom and liberalism, and its people
were an open-hearted, hospitable, and
courageous.

Las
Ramblas
 In progressive Barcelona, Rizal wrote a
nationalistic essay entitled “Amor Patrio”
(Love of Country), his first article written on
Spain’s soil. He sent this article to his friend in
Manila, Basilio Teodoro Moran, publisher of
Diariong Tagalog, the first Manila bilingual
newspaper (Spanish and Tagalog).
Rizal’s “Amor Patrio” under his pen-name,
Laong Laan, appeared in print in Diariong
Tagalog on August 20, 1882. it was published
in two texts – Spanish and Tagalog. The Spanish
text was the one originally written by Rizal in
Barcelona. The Tagalog text was a Tagalog
translation made by M.H. del Pilar.
 Rizal wrote the second article
for Diariong Tagalog entitled “Los
Viajes” (Travels). His third article,
entitled “Revista de Madrid”
(Review of Madrid), which he wrote
in Madrid on November 29, 1882,
was returned to him because the
Diariong Tagalog has ceased
publication for lack of funds.
 While sojourning in Barcelona,
Rizal received sad news about the
cholera that was ravaging Manila
and the provinces.
Another sad news from the
Philippines was the chatty letter of
Chengoy recounting the unhappiness
of Leonor Rivera.
 On November 3, 1882, Rizal
enrolled in the Unibersidad Central
de Madrid in two courses – Medicine
and Philosophy and Letters. Aside
from his heavy studies in the
university, he studied painting and
sculpture in the Academy of Fine
Arts of San Fernando; took lessons in
French, German, and English under
private instructor and practiced
fencing and shooting in the Hall of
Arms of Sanz y Carbonell.
 Rizal was attracted by Consuelo’s beauty
and vivacity. He even composed a lovely
poem, A La Señorita C. O. y P., he expressed
his admiration for her. However, before his
romance with Consuelo could blossom into a
serious affair, he suddenly backed out for two
reasons:
 He was still engaged to Leonor Rivera,
 Eduardo de Lete was madly in love with

Consuelo.
 During his first summer vacation
in Madrid, Rizal went to Paris,
sojourning in this gay capital of
France from June 17 to August 20,
1883. At first, he was billeted at the
Hotel de Paris on 37 Rue de
Maubange; later, he moved to a
cheaper hotel on 124 Rue de Rennes
in the Latin Quarter.
 In due time, in March 1883, Rizal
joined the Masonic lodge called Acacia
in Madrid. His reason for becoming a
mason was to secure Freemasonry’s aid
in his fight against the friars in the
Philippines.
Later he transferred to Lodge
Solidaridad (Madrid), where he became
a Master Mason on November 15, 1890.
Still later, on February 15, 1892, he was
awarded the diploma as Master Mason by
Le Grand Orient de France in Paris.
 The banquet on the evening of
June 25, 1884 was sponsored by the
Filipino community to celebrate the
double victory of the Filipino artist
in the National Exposition of Fine
Arts in Madrid.
Luna’s Spoliarium
Hidalgo’s Christian Virgins
Exposed to the Populace
 Rizal completed his medical course
in Spain. He was conferred the degree of
Licentiate in Medicine by the
Unibersidad Central de Madrid on June
21, 1884. The next academic year (1884-
1885) he studied and passed all subjects
leading to the degree of Doctor of
Medicine. Due to the fact, however, that
he did not present the thesis required
for graduation nor paid the
corresponding fees, he was not awarded
his Doctor’s diploma.
Fifth year (1882-83): Continuation of Medical Course in the
University of Santo Tomas
Medical Clinic 1 Good
Surgical Clinic 1 Good
Obstetrical Clinic Fair
Legal Medicine Excellent
Sixth year (1883-84)
Medical Clinic 2 Good
Surgical Clinic 2 Very Good

Licentiate in Medicine awarded on

June 21, 1884 with the rating “Fair”
 Doctorate (1884-85)
History of Medical Science Fair

Surgical Analysis Good

Normal Histology Excellent

Doctor of Medicine (Not Awarded)

 Rizal also finished his studies in
Philosophy and Letters, with higher
grades. He was awarded the degree
of Licentiate in Philosophy and
Letters by the Unibersidad Central de
Madrid on June 19, 1885 (his 24th
birthday), with the rating of
“Excellent” (Sobresaliente). His
scholastic records in this course
follow:
 1882-83
Universal History 1 Vey Good

General Literature Excellent

1883-84
Universal History 1 Very Good

General Literature Excellent

1884-85
Universal History 2 Excellent

Greek And Latin Literature Excellent

Greek 1 Excellent

1882-83
Spanish Language Excellent

Arabic Language Excellent

 At long last, Rizal completed his
studies in Spain. By obtaining the
degree of Licentiate in Philosophy
and Letters, he became qualified to
be a professor of humanities in any
Spanish university. And by receiving
his degree of Licentiate in Medicine,
he became a full-fledged physician,
qualified to practice medicine.