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(1)
where :
σ : Radar cross section of the target (m²)
R : distance between radar and target (m)
Es : Reflected or scattered electric field (V/m)
Hs : Reflected or scattered magnetic field (A/m)
Ei : Incident electric field (V/m)
Hi : Incident magnetic field (A/m).
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AFFECTING FACTORS ON RCS
There are many factors which effecting on the RCS[1]. These are following:
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RADAR ABSORBING MATERIAL
The purpose of the radar absorbing material is to soak up incident energy and thereby
reduce the energy scattered or reflected back to the radar. RAM are essentially
material characterized by large value for the imaginary part of permittivity or
permeability[2].
ℇ*=ℇ’-jℇ” (2)
The tangent loss is defined as the ratio of complex part to the real part. The
larger the tangent loss of the absorbing material, the larger the attenuation as
the wave travels through the absorbing material. The electric loss tangent of
absorbing material is given as:
4/23/19 7
ELECTROMAGNETIC LOSS
MECHANISM
The permeability is measure of the effect of material on the magnetic field in EM
wave. The magnetic permeability is defined as:
µ* = µ’ - jµ”
(4)
tan �m = µ”/ µ’
(5)
In many microwave absorbers, both the permittivity and permeability are parameter
of frequency and can very significantly over even a small frequency range. If the
complex part of the parameters is known over a frequency range then the effect of
material on wave is completely known[3]. 4/23/19 8
RETURN LOSS
Return loss of wave is the ratio of power in the incident wave to the power in the
reflected wave, but it is calculated into the decibel form. If the return loss of an absorber
is greater than -20dB then absorber is considered as good microwave absorber [2].
Return Loss = 10log(��/��)= −20log(��/��)
(6)
Where Ei is incident voltage wave amplitude
Er is reflected voltage wave amplitude
Pi is incident power amplitude
Pr is reflected power amplitude.
4/23/19 9
MICROWAVE ABSORBER
CLASSIFICATION
BASIS ON THE FREQUENCY
1. Reflectivity Narrowband
2. Reflectivity Broadband
3. Jaumann absorbers
BASIS ON THE MATERIAL
1. Magnetic Material
2. Dielectric Material
3. Moldable
4/23/19 10
BASIS ON THE FREQUENCY
Reflectivity Narrowband
The narrowband absorbers have single layer which resonate when the thickness
of material is equal to ¼ wavelengths. The incoming wave is partially reflected by
front surface of the material and partially is transmitted. This partially transmitted
wave travels through to back to the absorber where it is reflected and propagates
back through the front surface of material[4].
This type of absorber is utilizing a stuffing with the ferromagnetic properties and
it gives the high permeability and high magnetic loss. Cavity resonance damping
is best in magnetic absorber and where absorber is placed, the magnetic field is
maximum on the conductive surface[4].
DIELECTRIC ABSORBER
These type of materials have no magnetic properties i.e. µ=1. The loss mechanism
is purely dielectric and loss can arise from variety of sources within a dielectric. It
low cost material.
MOLDABLE ABSORBER
These types of materials are the combination of magnetic absorber and dielectric
absorber. 4/23/19 13
FREQUENCY SELECTIVE SURFACE
Frequency Selective Surfaces are planar periodic structures of identical patches or
apertures of conducting elements repeating periodically in either a one or two-
dimensional array on a dielectric substrate. Because of their frequency selective
properties, FSS are incorporated in a wide variety of applications such as the
realization of reflector antennas, making polarizers and beam splitters, radome design
and also as radar absorbing structure[5].
4/23/19 14
CHARACTERISTICS OF FSS
Different elemental shapes of FSS offer different frequency responses. Factors
influencing FSS response are[6]:
Typically narrow band
Element type: dielectric and metallic
Depends upon element shape
Depends upon element spacing and orientation
4/23/19 15
FSS TYPES
METALLIC FSS
In this type of FSS “periodic arrays of identical elements” can be categorized into
two distinct subparts, dipole arrays and slot arrays[5].
Stacks of dielectric layers:- With the use of this, one can create distributed Bragg
reflectors to achieve a frequency selective response. These filters provide a
broadband response and can be made to provide a great amount of suppression to
transmitted power.
4/23/19 17
LITERATURE SURVEY
D. Singh reveals the microwave absorption with Ba material with
five different morphologies i.e. Single Square, Double Square, Triple Square, Cross
Dipole, Juresalem cross array [6].
(d) (e)
4/23/19 21
Table 3 Two optimal solution with RL
M. Najim et al. focusing on iron-zinc oxide composite as a microwave absorber
because of its excellent dielectric properties, low cost, and high thermal stability.
The increase in the fraction of zinc oxide upto 60wt% resulted in an increase of RL
value to -20.90 dB with the thickness of 2.1 mm for single layer iron-zinc oxide
composite with a bandwidth of 3.43 GHz (- 10 dB). Increase in RL value with a
reduction in coating thickness has been observed using multi-layering technique.
Loading of FSS resulted in the shifting of the maximum microwave absorption to a
desired frequency range[8].
Figure 12. Minkowski loop level 1 Figure 13. Minkowski loop level 2
4/23/19 25
Ren et al investigated that the influence of FeCoB-based magnetic film on the
absorption properties of traditional frequency selective surface (FSS) in frequency
range of 2GHz to 18GHz. The polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is used as
substrate with minkowski loop fractal. The 3.1-mm-thick RA is relatively light and
could obtain the reflectivity of -38.41 dB and with -20 dB bandwidth of 1.85
GHz[11].
Figure 14. Minkowski loop fractal Figure 15. Reflectivity results of AFSS samples by
different magnetic layer incorporation
4/23/19 26
Yang et al. presented that polymer composite containing flake-shaped iron particles
were prepared by the mechanical milling of two batches of iron powders under
controlled conditions. Two types of iron powder with a purity of 98.5% and 99.3%
were coded as Fe(A) and Fe(B), respectively. The as-received rod-like powders were
milled into flake shapes within a steel vessel for 2hr and 4hr, respectively. For 40 wt.
% composite (with epoxy resin) with 2 mm thickness, the predicted reflection loss
reaches -19.4 dB at 14.9 GHz for Fe(A)/2hr, -28.0 dB at 8.96 GHz for Fe(A)/4hr,
-31.6 dB at 11.6 GHz and -42.9 dB for Fe(B)/2hr at 7.84 GHz for Fe(B)/4hr as
magnetic fillers[12].
4/23/19 29
Figure 18. Measured RL of (a) single layer of M1 with thickness 3.0 mm,
(b) two layer consists of M1 (1.0 mm) and M2C (0.9 mm), and (c) three-
layer absorber consists of M2 (0.5 mm), M1 (0.7 mm), and M2C (0.6 mm).4/23/19 30
Haibing et al. studied the multilayer ultrathin radar wave absorbing structure (RAS)
involving frequency selective surface (FSS) with flaky carbonyl iron powders were
used to produce two kinds of silicone rubber matrix magnetic composites for the top
and the bottom layer. The structure of the composite RASs and the structure of FSS
with splits shows that there are great improvements of absorption strength at full
frequency of 2–18 GHz and the proposed composite RASs with the total thickness of
1.7 mm (t2=1.0 mm, t2=0.7 mm) obtain the operating frequency band of 13.2 GHz
(from 4.8 to 18 GHz) and bandwidth covers C-band, X-band and Ku-band[15].
4/23/19 31
CONCLUSION OF LITERATURE SURVEY
According to literature survey, electronic waste material has good reflection
properties better than others in X-band frequency range with less coating thickness,
better absorption and its bandwidth with minkowski loop fractal is wide. It is very
cost effective solution to make the radar absorbing material with better reflection
and wide bandwidth.
4/23/19 32
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In this part, basic steps of our research work in order to achieve good results for
absorption in frequency selective surface. This is explaining by the flow chart:-
Substrate
Method of Coating
Mechanical Characterization
Electrical Characterization
4/23/19 34
REFRENCES
[1] Hakan UÇAR, Lt. Istanbul Naval Shipyard Design Project Office Pendik,
Istanbul, Turkiye Journal of Naval Science and Engineering 2013, Vol.9, No.2, pp.
72-87, ‘RADAR CROSS SECTION REDUCTION’.
[2] K.J Vinoy, R.M. Jha, “Radar Absorbing Material - From theory to design and
characterization”.
[3] Harsroop Kaur, Gagandeep Aul, “A Review Based on Effects of Change in
Thickness and Number of Layers on Microwave Absorbing Materials”, 2014.
[4] C. Mitrano,“CFRP-based Broad Band Radar Absorbing Materials”, IEEE, 1-
4244-1539x, 2008
[5] Jay Houston Barton. Frequency selective surfaces for extreme applications
[6] D. Singh, A. Kumar, S. Meena, and V. Agarwala. Analysis of frequency selective
surfaces for radar absorbing materials. Progress In Electromagnetics Research B,
Vol. 38, 297–314, 2012. (2012). Electromagnetics, 38(February), 297–314.
[7] Panwar, R., Puthucheri, S., Singh, A., Singh, D., & Agarwala, V. (2016). Critical
analysis of fractal FSS with heterogeneous composite to enhance microwave
absorption for stealth application. IEEE MTT-S International Microwave and RF
Conference 2015, IMaRC 2015, 416–418.
https://doi.org/10.1109/IMaRC.2015.7411445. 4/23/19 35
[8] M. Najim, P. Smitha, V. Agarwala and D. Singh. Development of FSS Printed
on Multi-layered Iron-Zinc Oxide Composite Coatings for Microwave Absorption.
National Conference on Recent Advances in Electronics & Computer Engineering.
[9] Panwar, R., Agarwala, V., & Singh, D. (2015). A cost effective solution for
development of broadband radar absorbing material using electronic waste.
Ceramics International, 41(2), 2923–2930.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2014.10.118
[10] Singh, A., Panwar, R., Puthucheri, S., Singh, D., & Agarwala, V. (2016).
Parametric analysis of frequency selective surfaces over radar absorbing
nanocrystalline structures. RAECE 2015 - Conference Proceedings, National
Conference on Recent Advances in Electronics and Computer Engineering.
https://doi.org/10.1109/RAECE.2015.7510229.
[11] Wenyi Ren, Yan Nie, X. Xiong, C. Zhang, Y. Zhou, R. Gong(2012). Enhancing
and broadening absorption properties of frequency selective surfaces absorbers
using FeCoB-based thin film, 703, 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3670980
[12] Yang, R. Bin, Liang, W. F., Choi, S. T., & Lin, C. K. (2013). The effects of size
and shape of iron particles on the microwave absorbing properties of composite
absorbers. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 49(7), 4180–4183.
https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2013.2239973
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[13] Panwar, R., Puthucheri, S., Singh, D., Agarwala, V., & Lee, J. R. (2017).
Microwave absorption properties of FSS-impacted composites as a broadband
microwave absorber. Advanced Composite Materials, 26(2), 99–113.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09243046.2016.1232009.
[14] Panwar, R., Puthucheri, S., Agarwala, V., & Singh, D. (2015). An efficient use of
waste material for development of cost-effective broadband radar wave absorber.
Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, 29(9), 1238–1255.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09205071.2015.1044125.
[15] Xu, H., Bie, S., Xu, Y., Yuan, W., Chen, Q., & Jiang, J. (2015). Broad bandwidth
of thin composite radar absorbing structures embedded with frequency selective
surfaces. COMPOSITES PART A. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2015.10.019.
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