INTERMOLECUL AR

FORCES
 KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY

• Solids, liquids, and gases differ in distances between particles, in the freedom of motion of particles,
and in the extent to which the particles interact.
• The speed of particles is proportional to temperature. Increased temperature means greater speed.
MOLECULAR BEHAVIOR OF MATTER
 MOLECULAR FORCES
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES INTRAMOLECULAR FORCES

INTERMOLECULAR FORCES are the forces that hold INTRAMOLECULAR FORCES are the forces that holds
molecules in a substance. the atom in a molecule.

INTERMOLECULAR FORCES weaker than INTRAMOLECULAR FORCES stronger than

intramolecular forces. intermolecular forces.

Determine the state of matter (solid/liquid/gas) and their

Determine chemical behavior of a substance.
physical properties such as melting/boiling point etc.

Attractive forces Chemical bonds

Categorized into dipole-dipole forces, London dispersion

Categorized into covalent, ionic and metallic bonds
forces and hydrogen bonding
TYPES OF INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

•Dipole - Dipole Interactions

•Dispersion Forces
•Hydrogen Bonding
 DIPOLE- DIPOLE INTERACTION
• IONS
• Is a single particle with a net charge
• It can be positive (+) charge or a Negative (-) • DIPOLE
charge. • Is a molecule that has both positive and
• Example: negative regions.
• Happens only in polar molecules.
• The direction of an electric dipole moment
points from the negative charge toward the
positive charge.
• Example:
 DIPOLE- DIPOLE INTERACTION
• DIPOLE –DIPOLE INTERACTIONS is an intermolecular forces that occurs
between polar molecules. It is the force between two dipole molecules.

EXAMPLE:
NOTE: in a dipole - dipole interaction
• SAME CHARGES REPEL EACH OTHER
• DIFFERENT CHARGES ATTRACT EACH
OTHER
DISPERSION FORCES
• These forces of attraction result from temporary dipole moments induced in ordinarily
nonpolar molecules. These forces are present between all types of molecules due to the
movement of electrons. As electrons move around the nucleus, an uneven distribution causes
momentary charge separations. Slightly positive sides of a molecule are attracted to the slightly
negative sides of the adjacent molecule.
• The extent to which a dipole moment can be induced in a molecule is called its polarizability.
• Polarizability of the atom or molecule refers to the ease with which the electron distribution
can be distorted.

FORCE OF
ATTRACTION

THIS FORCE OF ATTRACTION IS ALSO CALLED

THE LONDON DISPERSION FORCE
 DISPERSION FORCES
• The dispersion force is the weakest intermolecular force.
• The dispersion force is a temporary attractive force that results when the electrons
in two adjacent atoms occupy positions that make the atoms form temporary
dipoles.
• It is dependent in the number of electrons found in an atom.
• The higher the number of electrons the higher the polarizability.
– Note: # of electrons = atomic number of an element
• The higher polarizability the higher the London dispersion force.
– The boiling point also increases as the London dispersion force increases.
– Straight chains molecules has higher boiling point than branched.
• QUESTION:
– Which of the following has the highest LDF? Ar, He, Xe, Mo

Ar = 18 He = 2 Xe = 54 Mo = 42
Xe has the highest atomic number
• QUESTION:
• Which of the following has the highest LDF?

Pentane is a straight chain

while isopentane and
neopentane are branched
chain
HYDROGEN BONDING
• Hydrogen bond is a special type of
dipole-dipole interaction between
the hydrogen atom in a polar bond,
such as N‒H, O‒H, or F‒H, and an
electronegative O, N, or F atom.

• Example:
RANKING OF INTERMOLECULAR
FORCES
 • INTERMOLECULAR
FORCES CONTROL

EFFECTS OF
H OW W E L L
MOLECULES STICK
TO G E T H E R . T H I S
INTERMOLECULAR AFFECTS MANY OF
THE MEASURABLE

FORCES PHYSICAL
P R O P E RT I E S O F
S U B S TA N C E S :
 THINK ABOUT THIS...

1. For each of these types of compounds:

a. Predict which will be polar or non-polar
b. List the type or types of intermolecular force(s) present.
EFFECTS OF INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
EFFECTS OF INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
• Surface tension
– is the measure of the elastic force in the surface of a liquid. It is the amount of energy required to
stretch or increase the surface of a liquid by a unit area.
– Stronger intermolecular forces ⇒ higher surface tension

• Viscosity
– is a measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow. The greater the viscosity, the slower the liquid flows.
– Stronger intermolecular forces ⇒ higher viscosity
EFFECTS OF INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
• Vapor pressure
– The pressure exerted by the gas in equilibrium with a liquid in a closed container at a given
temperature.
– Like any gas sample, the molecules in the gaseous state over its liquid create a pressure. The greater
the number of gaseous particles, the greater the pressure exerted by the gas.
– Stronger intermolecular forces ⇒ lower vapor pressure

• Molar heat of vaporization (ΔHvap)

– is the energy required to vaporize 1 mole of a liquid at a given temperature. H is the symbol for
enthalpy, which means heat content at a given standard condition.
– Stronger intermolecular forces ⇒ higher molar heat of vaporization
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