RESULTS

HIGHER COST & LOWER PROFIT

MONEY SPENT FOR ACCIDENT IS NOT LIKE MONEY
SPENT FOR MATERIAL OR WAGES. THERE IS NO
RETURN ON MONEY SPENT FOR ACCIDENT.
Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor
IMMEDIATE
DEATH
INJURY
PAIN
SHORT TERM
DISEASE MEDICAL TREATMENT
DAMAGE REPAIRS
LOSS REPLACEMENTS
LONG TERM
FEAR LOST PRODUCTION SUFFERING
INCREASED COSTS DISABILITY
DISCIPLINE LOST INCOME
LOW MORALE INSURANCE
COMPENSATION
MISTRUST
MISSED TARGETS
PROFITABILITY
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 VICTIM AND DEPENDENTS
Suffering
Effect on Lost of earning
sport & hobbies

Continuing disability Extra expenses

Effect on family
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 SUPERVISOR
Worry

Loss prestige Recrimination

Report, extra work, training new staff

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 SECTION OR DEPARTMENT

Capacity
Morale to
produce

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 FIRM OR ORGANISATION
Loss of earning
Loss in paying Compensation
in legal action
Penalty
Damage to
the equipment Extra insurance
and materials premium
Lost of client
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 NATION

Loss of
income in Loss of
a form of morale
income tax

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 ACCIDENT COSTS ICEBERG
INSURED  Medical (covering injury, ill health)
COSTS (1)  Compensation

 Building damage
 Tool, equipment, material, product damage
 Production delays and interruptions
THE  Legal expenses
HIDDEN  Expenditure on emergency first aid supplies
UNINSURED  Interim equipment rentals
COSTS  Investigation time/clearing site
(8 – 36  Wages paid for time lost
as much as  Costs hiring and/or training replacements
insured costs)  Overtime working
 Extra supervisor time
 Loss of expertise/experience
 Decreased output of injured worker upon return
 Loss of business and goodwill
Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor
 ACCIDENT RATIO STUDIES
THE HEINRICH
THEORY (USA-1931)

1 SERIOUS / FATAL
29 MINOR INJURIES

300 NON-INJURY THE TYE/PEARSON

THEORY (UK-1974/75)
THE BIRD THEORY
(USA-1969) 1 SERIOUS / FATAL
MINOR INJURIES
3 (1 TO 3 DAYS MC)
1 SERIOUS / FATAL
50 FIRST-AID INJURIES
10 MINOR INJURIES

30 PROPERTY DAMAGE 80 PROPERTY DAMAGE

600 NON-INJURY 400 NON-INJURY / DAMAGE

Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor
 AN UNPLANNED EVENT WHICH
RESULTS IN UNACCEPTABLE
CONSEQUENCES

AN UNDESIREABLE EVENT WHICH

INTERRUPTS NORMAL ACTIVITY
Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor
“An unexpected, unplanned event in
sequence of events, that occurs
through a combination of causes. It
results in injury or disease
to an individual, damage
to property or equipment,
a near-miss, a loss or any
combination of these effects”.
Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor
Workers, unions and employees don’t
always agree on why accident happen.

Workers may say that the workplace is :

HAZARDOUS * UNSAFE * DANGEROUS * BADLY
ORGANISED

THE WORKPLACE IS TO BLAME.

Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor
Employers sometimes say that the
worker is :
CARELESS * RECKLESS * SILLY *
ACCIDENT PRONE
* STUBBORN * INCONSIDERATE *
IGNORANT

THE WORKER IS TO BLAME.

Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor
 Some accidents may be due to human errors.
But the work environment must recognise that the workers
are human and sometimes make mistakes – this must be
acknowledged during workplace design.
Employers can improve the workplace so that stress,
fatigue and poor working conditions do not
cause mistakes.

HAS BLAMING EACH OTHER SOLVED THE

PROBLEM ?
NO, AS CAN BE SEEN FROM THE ACCIDENT
FIGURES.
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 THE HUMAN FACTOR
DIRECTLY INDIRECTLY
INVOLVED INVOLVED
 Fatigue  Fault with the
 Stress original design of a
 Taking shorts cut piece of equipment.
 Lack of experience  Inappropriate
 Lack of training purchasing decisions.
 Lack of concentration  Behavior of fellow
 Not wearing individuals in the
appropriate PPE workplace.
 Using incorrect tool
 Not following work
practices
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 UNSAFE ACTS OF PERSON
 Operating without clearance/failure to secure or warn.
 Operating or working at unsafe speed.
 Making safety devices inoperative.
 Using unsafe equipment or equipment unsafely.
 Unsafe loading, placing, mixing, combining, etc.
 Taking unsafe position of posture.
 Working on moving of dangerous equipment.
 Distracting, teasing, abusing, startling,
etc.
 Failure to use safe attire or personal
protective devices.
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 UNSAFE PHYSICAL CONDITIONS
 Inadequately guarded, guards of improper height, strength, mesh, etc.
 Unguarded absence of required guards.
 Defective, rough, sharp, slippery, decayed, cracked, etc.
 Unsafely designed machines, tools, etc.
 Unsafely arranged, poor housekeeping, congestion, blocked exits, etc.
 Inadequately lighted, sources of glare, etc.
 Inadequately ventilated impure air sources, etc.
 Unsafely clothed, no goggles, gloves, masks,
wearing high heels, etc.
 Unsafe processes, mechanical, chemical,
electrical, nuclear, etc.
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 UNSAFE
TYPICAL UNSAFE ACTS/CONDITION
ACTS/CONDITION
Improper use equipment Incorrect tool selected for job; tool used in a manner for which it
was not intended; overloading, defeat or removal of safety
devices; use of obviously defective equipment.
Failure to make proper Hot metal clothing not worn or left unbuttoned. Incorrect type of
use of correct protective glove/eye protection used. Failure to use safety harness/lifeline.
clothing/equipment.
Failure to secure warn. Failure: to shut off equipment not in use; to place warning signs
etc.; to lock or secure vehicles, switches, valves, ladders,
materials against unexpected motion etc.; to warn others or give
instructions.
Working at unsafe Jumping from heights, operating plants at unsafe speed, running,
speed. throwing materials, haste or short cuts taken, horseplaying.
Incorrect posture or Gripping objects insecurely, taking wrong hold, improper body
improper use of limbs. position adopted; attempting to lift excessive weight or move
awkward load manually.
Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor
 UNSAFE
TYPICAL UNSAFE ACTS/CONDITION
ACTS/CONDITION
Inattention To footing or surrounds.
Personal unsafe position Standing/riding/walking in unsafe places. Unnecessary exposure
to moving equipment, or equipment/substances which are hot.
Unsafe placement Of vehicles, materials or equipment (housekeeping).
Hazardous plant/ Accident caused through equipment or plant/materials which are
equipment/materials rough; sharp; worn; hot; broken; improperly designed;
constructed; assembled or maintained.
Unsafe operational Use of inherently hazardous methods or procedures;
method inadequately lifting aids.
Inadequate personal Improper of inadequate clothing or equipment provided.
equipment
Unsafe precautions on Inadequate guarding, shielding, insulation, earthling, shoring,
plant’s/site equipment labeling.
Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor
 UNSAFE
TYPICAL UNSAFE ACTS/CONDITION
ACTS/CONDITION
Unsafe storage Improperly stacked or placed equipment/materials; plant/
equipment inadequately secure against movement.
Environment hazards Excessive noise, insufficient space, clearance, ventilation,
lighting; inadequate traffic control; airborne dust; effects of room
temperature.
Unsafe place of work Defective premises, low headroom, slippery floors, improperly
and unsafe means of designed or damaged stairs, catwalks, ladder etc.; holes in
access/egress. floors; house-keeping.

Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor
 ACCIDENT CAUSATION THEORIES
HEINRICH (1930’s)
Emphasis for prevention on unsafe acts/condition.
Approach can lead to blaming the worker when management
system is at faults (prone worker approach).
FIVE FACTORS/STAGES IN THE SEQUENCE OF EVENTS;
1. ANCESTRY / SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT.
2. FAULT OF A PERSON
3. UNSAFE ACTS / CONDITION
4. ACCIDENT
5. INJURY
Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor
 ACCIDENT CAUSATION THEORIES
MULTIPLE CAUSATION THEORY

More that one cause to any accident.

The multicauses is equivalent to the
third stage in the Heinrich theory.

Heinrich made reference to

“Underlying causes”. What were these
cause.

Using 5W, 1H.

Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor
 THE ACCIDENT HIERARCHY
MANAGEMENT
ROOT CAUSE
SYSTEMS

WORK
ACTIVITIES

OPERATING
RULES

VIOLATIONS MISTAKES DIRECT CAUSE

ACCIDENTS
Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor
 THE ACCIDENT STUDIES
MANAGEMENT
Through Supervision
Controls
MAN FAILURE
Knowledge, Attitude, Fitness, Ability
Which Causes or Permits

UNSAFE ACTS UNSAFE MECHANICAL OR INEXPLICABLE

OF PERSONS PHYSICAL CONDITIONS
88% 10% 2%
Which Cause
ACCIDENTS
2% are unpreventable
50% are practically preventable
98% are of a preventable type
Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor
Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor
 Safety is absence of danger.
Safety is an attitude, a frame of mind.
It is the awareness of one’s environment and actions,
all day, everyday. To do this does not require genius, a
PhD, or even a title or rank.
Safety is knowing what is going on; knowing what can
injure anyone or anything; knowing how to prevent that
injury and then acting to prevent it. All it requires is
intelligence and a reasonable amount of native ability
to see, to hear, to smell and to think.
Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor
 Safety Awareness means ;
 being able to recognise unsafe practices and conditions. It
requires following safety procedures.
 getting to know all you can about the conditions that
promote safety, including emergency response procedures.
 signifies you to willingness to take time to prevent accident.
 having the right attitude about safety, both your own and
your coworker’s safety.
 can help prevent injury, illness and accidental damage to
company property.
 being on the lookout for unsafe practices and conditions in
your work area.

Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor
Safety Awareness is all about understanding
the need to prevent avoidable accidents and
there are three compelling reasons why every
organisation and every individual MUST
accept accident prevention as vital element of
all activity in the workplace.

Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor
An accident can lead to a change of
lifestyle that can be for an individual
and often for a whole family.
Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor
 Organisation face loss
absenteeism, higher accident compensation
premium
Hidden cost of accidents
stopped production, spoilage of material, damage
to plant and equipment, replacement of staff,
training & re-training, re-tooling, re-designing
Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor
 Social Security payments to
people injured in accidents,
but not adequately covered
by other insurance.
 Aid to dependent families
where income falls below
a minimum level.
 Payments to legal personnel relating to court
proceedings.
 Preparation and issuance of laws standards and
regulations and their administration.
Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor
 EMPLOYER
S et OSH policy and committee.
A llocate budget for OSH programmed and activities.
F ulfill the need of OSH Legislation.
E nsure all employees understand the related OSH
programmed and activities.
T raining for OSH commitment.
Y ield – analyses the achievement for improvement.
Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor
 EMPLOYEE
S earch all hazards at workplace.
A ssess the potential risk.
F ind the control measures.
E xercise and make it habit.
T ake part on OSH programmed and activities.
Y ell for commitment.
Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor