SKILL 1-2

Kelompok 2:
Yusi Rizky N. 1610211051
Annisaur R. J. 1610211052
Sheila Azelya F. 1610211068
Illona Sahara M. 1610211077
SUBJECTS AND VERBS
A sentence in English must have at least one subject and one verb.
• Basic Rule. A singular subject (she, Bill, car) takes a singular verb (is,
goes, shines), whereas a plural subject takes a plural verb.
Example: The list of items is/are on the desk.
If you know that list is the subject, then you will choose is for the verb.
A verb is a word or set of words that shows action (runs, is going, has
been painting); feeling (loves, envies); or state of being (am, are, is,
have been, was, seem).
• Examples:
He ran around the block.
I like my friend.
They seem friendly.
A subject is the noun, pronoun, or set of words that performs the verb.
• Examples:
The woman hurried.
Woman is the subject.
She was late.
She is the subject.
Shakespeare in Love won an Academy Award.
Shakespeare in Love is the subject.
Toefl Structure Question
Make sure to choose the appropriate sentence
with the right subject and verb.
______ was ringing continuously for hours.
(A) Loudly
(B) In the morning
(C) The phone
(D) The Bells

(C) is the best answers because it is a singular subjects that agrees with
the singular verb ‘was ringing’
• Engineers________ for work on the new space
program.
(A) necessary
(B) are needed
(C) hopefully
(D) next month

• _________ was backed up for miles on the

freeway.
(A) Yesterday
(B) In the morning
(C) Traffic
(D) Cars
 Prepositions and
Objects of Prepositions
What are prepositions?
• Prepositions are words which begin prepositional phrases.
• A prepositional phrase is a group of words containing a preposition,
a noun or pronoun object of the preposition, and any modifiers of the
object.
• A preposition sits in front of (is “pre-positioned” before) its object.
about below excepting off toward
above beneath for on under
across beside(s) from onto underneath
after between in out until
against beyond in front of outside up
along but inside over upon
among by in spite of past up to
around concerning instead of regarding with
at despite into since within
because of down like through without
before during near throughout with regard to
behind except of to with respect to
Types of prepositions
There are three types of prepositions :
• time prepositions
• place prepositions
• direction prepositions
Prepositions of time
Basic examples of time prepositions include: at, on, in, before and after.
They are used to help indicate when something happened, happens or
will happen.

For example :
• I was born two minutes before my twin brother.
• I was born after the Great War ended.
There is a set of guidelines that can help decide which preposition to
use:

For years, months, seasons, centuries and times of day, use the
preposition in.
• I first met John in 1987.
• It’s always cold in January.

For days, dates and specific holiday days, use the preposition on.
• We go to school on Mondays, but not on Sunday.
• Indonesian independence day is on August 17th
Before and after should be much easier to understand than the other
examples of prepositions of time.
Both are used to explain when something happened, happens or will
happen, but specifically in relation to another thing.
• Before I discovered this cafe, I used to go straight home after work.
• We will not leave before 3pm.
Other prepositions of time could include: During, about, around, until
and throughout.
• The concert will be staged throughout the month of May.
• I learned how to ski during the holidays.
• He usually arrives around 3pm.
• It was about six in the morning when we made it to bed.
• The store is open until midnight.
Prepositions of place
To confuse matters a bit, the most common prepositions to indicate
time – on, at, in – are also the most common prepositions to indicate
position.

For example :
• The cat is on the table.
• The dogs are in the kennel.
• We can meet at the crossroads.
The guidelines can be broken down as follows:

On is used when referring to something with a surface.

• The sculpture hangs on the wall.
• The images are on the page.

In is used when referring to something that is inside or within confined

boundaries.
• Jim is in France, visiting his aunt in the hospital.
• The girls play in the garden.
At is used when referring to something at a specific point.
• The boys are at the entrance at the movie theater.
• We will meet at the airport.
Lot’s of other prepositions of place, such as under, over, inside, outside,
above and below are used in English.
(more rigid)

• The cat is under the table.

• Put the sandwich over there.
• The key is locked inside the car.
• They stepped outside the house.
• Major is ranked above corporal.
• He is waving at you from below the stairs.
Prepositions of Movement
They describe how something or someone moves from one place to
another.
The most commonly used preposition of movement is to.

For example :
• I will go to bed when I am tired
• She went to the bowling alley every Friday last summer.
Other more specific prepositions of movement include: through,
across, off, down and into.

Across refers to moving from one side to another.

• Mike travelled across America on his motorcycle.

Through refers to moving directly inside something and out the other
end.
• The bullet Ben shot went through the window.
Into refers to entering or looking inside something.
• James went into the room.

Up, over, down, past and around indicate directions of movement

• Jack went up the hill.
• Jill came tumbling down after.
• We will travel over rough terrain on our way to Grandma’s house.
• The horse runs around the track all morning.
• A car zoomed past a truck on the highway
A word that looks like a preposition but is actually part of a verb is
called a particle.

• Held up is a verb meaning “to rob.”

• Therefore, up is not a preposition, and bank is not the object of a
preposition.
• Instead, bank is the direct object of the verb held up.
To avoid confusing prepositions with particles, test by moving the word
(up) and words following it to the front of the sentence:

Up the bank four armed men held.

If the resulting sentence does not make sense, then the word belongs
with the verb and is a particle, not a preposition.

Note the difference:

The resulting sentence makes sense. Therefore, up is a preposition.
Some other examples of particles:

give in turn in pull through wore out broke up

go in for put in for bring up found out blow up

look up make up look over

Object of Preposition
• Object of preposition merupakan sebuah objek yang mengikuti preposisi dan
dapat berupa noun (kata benda), noun phrase, pronoun (kata ganti), gerund
(verb-ing) dan juga noun clause.
• Contoh: the people of the town were glad to know that the bridge will be
renovated.
• Pembahasan: inti dari subjek tersebut adalah the people, sementara the town
adalah objek preposisi of yang hanya berfungsi sebagai penjelas. Karena itu, to
be yang digunakan adalah were (karena people adalah plural noun).
Contoh Soal:

1. The participants of the seminar has already been in the hall. (C/I)

2. The name of the baby in the crib is Jack. (C/I)

3. The directions to the exercise on page 20 unclear. (C/I)