PRESENTED BY :

ANUBHA VERMA
 INTRODUCTION
 HISTORY OF DENTISTRY
 HISTORY OF ORTHODONTICS
 -ANCIENT-MIDDLE AGES-RENAISSANCE PERIOD-
16th TO 17th CENTUARY-
 18th CENTURY- 19 CENTURY- PRESENT TIMES
 INDIA’S HISTORY IN DENTISTRY AND
ORTHODONTICS
 FUTURE OF ORTHODONTICS-ORTHODONTICS IN
INDIA
 REFRENCES
• Orthodontics (Greek word)-
‘Orthos’ - to correct
‘Odontos’ - teeth
 The term “Orthodontics” – coined by Joachim Lefoulon
(france) in 1839.

 The term “Orthopedics” was first used by Robert Bunon in

the year 1743 with regards to correction of teeth .

 A.F. Talma used the terms “Orthodontics and Dental

Orthopedics” together.

 1985- Orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics.

 In 1840, P.J.lefoulon defined ‘orthodontosie’ as-
“ the treatment of congenital and accidental deformities of
the mouth”

 He modified this term , in 1859 to “orthodontic dentaire” (

or dentofacial orthopaedics),which he designated as-
“that part of dentistry that consist of correcting congenital
and accidental deformities of the mouth.”

 A similar term “dentofacial orthopaedia” was used by

Calvin Case in 1893.
 In 1849, Chaplin.A.Harris defined orthodontics – “that part
of dental surgery which has for its object the treatment of
irreularities of the teeth.”

 In 1889, S.H.Guilfold stated it as-

“ that branch of dental practice which relates to the correction
of the irregularity of position of human teeth.”

 In 1900, E.H. Angle , defined it as-

“that science which has for its objective the correction of
malocclusion of the teeth.”
Acc. To British Society for study
of Orthodontics (1922)

“Orthodontics includes the study of growth and

development of the jaws and face particularly and the
body generally as influencing the position of the teeth;
the study of action and reaction of internal and external
influences on the development and the prevention and
correction of arrested and perverted development.”
“The heritages of the past are the seeds that bring
forth the harvest of the future”
Awareness of our historical antecedents has acquired more
importance today, since changes are occurring so rapidly,
that only by keeping our eyes steady on what went before
can we progress with intelligence & confidence.

‘when anyone takes over the techniques of their predecessor

without sharing the vision which animated it, he takes over
the mental body but loses its immortal soul.’
 The history of
orthodontics has been
intimately interwoven
with the history of
dentistry for more than MEDICINE
2000 years.
 Orthodontics is the
oldest speciality of
dentistry. Dentistry, in DENTISTRY
turn, had its origins as a
part of medicine.
 To properly study our
orthodontic origins, we
must return to the Greek ORTHODONTICS
civilization of the pre-
Christian era.
9
 From the earliest times, humans have been plagued
by dental problems & have sought a variety of
means to alleviate them.
 First dental healers were physicians.
 Middle ages – Barber-surgeons of Europe.
 Learned by trial & error & observation.
 Pierre Fauchard through his treatise ‘Le
Chirurgien dentiste’ established dentistry as a true
profession.

 No longer mired in superstition & ignorance, the

field was based at last on sound rational & scientific
principles.
 Baltimore College of
Dental Surgery – first
dental college in the
world – opened its
doors to a class of 5
students on Nov 3rd,
1840.
 ORTHODONTICS IN ANCIENT CIVILIZATION (GREECE AND
ROME)
 MIDDLE AGES (476- 1450AD)
 RENAISSANCE PERIOD(14th-16th century)
 SIXTEENTH TO SEVENTEENTH CENTURY
 EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
 NINETEENTH CENTURY ONWARDS
 Orthodontics is that branch of dentistry concerned with the
study of growth of the craniofacial complex, the
development of occlusion & the treatment of dentofacial
anomalies.
 As back as 460 – 367 BC, Weinberg point out that there had
been an awareness of unsightly appearance of crooked teeth
many centuries before which is mentioned on writing in
Hippocrates.
 Crowded, irregular, and protruding teeth have
been a problem since antiquity. Attempts to correct
this disorder goes back to 1000 B.C.
 Primitive orthodontic appliances have been found
in both Greek and Etruscan material.
 Crude appliances that seemingly were designed to
regulate the teeth have been found as
archaeological artifacts in tombs of ancient Egypt,
Greece, and the Mayans of Mexico.
 The skull shows use of gold wires to align and
stabilize mandibular incisors in an adult whose
malocclusion has been complicated by periodontal
disease.
  The Greek physician is revered as pioneer in medical science.
 His text, Corpus hippocraticum contains many references to the
“crooked teeth” and the tissues of the jaws as part of the medical text.
 An example:
“ the first teeth are formed by the nourishment of the fetus
in the womb . . . the shedding of the first teeth generally takes place about
seven years of age. Among those individuals whose heads are long-shaped,
some have thick necks, strong members and bones; others have strongly
arched palates; thus teeth are disposed to irregularity, crowding one on the
other”.
 The Greek philosopher, gave
medical science the first system
of comparative anatomy.
 In his famous work entitled “De
Partibus Animalium” (On the
Parts of Animals), he noted that
there were marked differences
between human teeth and those
of animals and, in fact
differences between the
different species of animals.
 AULIUS CORNELIUS
CELSUS
(25 BC-50AD)
 Advise mentioned in ‘Arzei
Buchlein’ – the oldest
dental text book (1530).

 “If a second tooth should

happen to grow in children
before the first has fallen
out, that which ought to be
shed is to be drawn out &
the new one daily pushed
towards its place by means
of the finger until it arrives
at its proper position”.

 Roman
 First mechanical treatment for correcting irregularities
suggested by Gaius Plinus (Pliny).
 He advocated filing of elongated teeth to produce
proper alignment.
 Roman
CLAUDIUS GALENUS
 The medical art of Romans reached
its zenith under Claudius Galenus
(AD 130 – 200).
 In his medical writings, he
described dental anatomy and
embryology by specifically
identifying the origin, growth, and
development of the teeth and
enumerating the functions of each.
 He believed the teeth to be true
bones.
 Adamandios(greek scholar), writing in the
fifth century A.D., noted that “those persons
whose lips are pushed out because of cuspid
displacement are ill tempered, abusive
shouters and defamers”.
 The last classic Greek author,
was the first person to mention
supernumerary teeth.
 “when supernumerary teeth
cause an irregularity of dental
arches, they may be corrected by
resection of such teeth or by
extraction.”
 Also stated that Irregular teeth
were
“displeasing in women”.
RENAISSANCE PERIOD
(14th -16th century)
Leonardo da Vinci
(1452 –1519 AD)
 first artist to dissect the human body for
the acquisition of knowledge and the
first to draw accurate pictures of these
dissections.
 first to recognize tooth form.
 first to realize that each tooth was
related to another tooth and to the
opposing jaw as well.
 Italian
 A Belgian physician and
anatomist, in his classic
work, “On the Fubric
of the Human Body”.
 In this book, he described
the minute anatomy of the
teeth, particularly the
dental follicle and
subsequent pattern of
tooth eruption.
 A French surgeon.
 Paid specific attention to dentofacial deformities,
especially to the cleft palate.
 He was the first surgeon to

devise an “obturator” for treatment.

 An Italian anatomist.
 He wrote in his “Observationes Anatomica”, a
detailed description of the dental follicle.
 He also gave us the terms ‘hard palate’ and ‘soft
palate’.
 An Italian anatomist, described the minute
structure of many organs.
 He wrote Libellus de Dentibus (Book on
the Teeth) in 1563, which is the first
important specialized monograph on the
anatomy of the teeth.
 give full descriptions of the different
forms, number and varieties of teeth.
 His explanation of the internal structure
of the teeth, differentiated the two layers
and compared the enamel with the bark of
trees.
 He refuted the doctrine that roots of the
deciduous dentition served to form the
permanent teeth.
 It is the first book in German language to have
reference to the teeth.
 Published in 1530 AD (author unknown).
 “when teeth begin to drop out… push the new
one everyday toward the place where the first one
was until it sits there and fits among the others,
for if you neglect to attend to this, the old
teeth(deciduous) will remain and young ones
(permanent) will be impede from growing
straight.”
 First mention of practicing dentistry was
exclusively made by Pierre Dionis (1658 – 1718
AD).
 He called dentists “operators for the teeth” ;stated
that “they could also open or widen the teeth when
they are set too close together”.
 French
 First mention of casts in
dentistry was made by him in
1692.
 The impressions were taken in
wax but the method was not
described.
 German
Phillip Pfaff
 First reported the use of
plaster of Paris for
impressions in 1756.
 German
PIERRE FAUCHARD
(1678-1761A.D.)
 Founder of modern dentistry
 He exerted a stronger influence on
the development of the profession.
 The results of his labors are
reflected in the publication of his
two-volume book “The surgeon
Dentist, A Treatise on the Teeth”,
completed in 1723 and published in
1728 .
 As early as 1723, he
developed the first
orthodontic appliance called
as ‘Bandelette’.
 It was designed to expand
the dental arch.
 Consists of horse shoe
shaped strip of precious
metal to which teeth are
ligated.
 He described 12 cased of orthodontic treatment in patients
whose ages ranged from 12 to 22 years.

 Other treatment procedures included the filing of teeth,

especially for crowded anterior teeth.

 He also repositioned teeth with a ‘pelican’ forcep and

ligated the tooth to neighbor teeth; until healing took place.
 French dental surgeon

 He advocated serial extraction.

 first used the term ‘orthopedics’ in connection with the

correction of malocclusion.
 Dentist to king of france.
 He advocated the Fouchard method but
went a step further by recommending
only gold strips on the labial surface
for the upper arch and on the lingual
surface for the lower arch.
 First to practice lingual orthodontics,
expanding arch from the lingual side.
 He recommended the extraction of the
first premolars to preserve the
symmetry of the jaws.
 In children who had protruding chins,
Bourdete corrected this by extracting
the mandibular first molars shortly
after eruption.
 Scottish surgeon

 Greatest surgeon of 18th

century.

 Detailed study of mouth &

jaws of cadavers.

 His text - ‘The Natural

History of the Human Teeth:
Explaining their Structure,
Use, Formation, Growth &
Diseases’. (1771)
 Perfect understanding of growth &
development of jaws & their relations to
the muscles of mastication.
 Scientific nomenclature – Incisors,
Cuspids & Bicuspids.
 Experimentally established the
difference between bone and teeth for
the first time, because he improperly
prepared the specimen , in that he had
failed to inject disclosing material in
teeth during a series of experiments, so
he concluded that teeth were ‘non-
vascular’.
 In Germany during the eighteenth century, little
attention was paid to the dental art.

 Attributed the shedding of deciduous dentition; to

be the obliteration of their vessels by the
compression of the erupting permanent teeth.
 The field developed differently in North America
than in Europe.
 Angle was an intellectual and mechanical genius
who dominated the orthodontic scene in the new
world.
 He improvised clever appliances for the precise
positioning of individual tooth and emphasized on
the importance of correct occlusion.
 In Europe, on the other hand, early leaders in the
field studied more the role of craniofacial skeleton
in dentofacial anomalies and malocclusion.
 Perhaps this is the reason ;that in the United States the field is called
Orthodontics (from the Greek word orthos, meaning to correct, and
odontos, meaning tooth), whereas in Europe such terms as “dental
orthopedics”, “orthopedic dentofaciale” are used.

 Although the terms are generally interchangeable, they reflect

difference in emphasis during historical development and differences in
the aims of appliance therapy among various countries.

 In recent years the terms “orthodontics” and “dentofacial orthopedics”

have sometimes come to be used almost interchangeably throughout the
world, a reflection of the increased exchange of ideas and concepts.
 JOSEPH FOX
 He wrote the first English
dental textbook “The
Natural history and Diseases
of Human Teeth”.
 The first volume appearing in
1803 and the second in 1806.
 Fox gave explicit directions
for correction malocclusion
of the teeth.
 The first special work was
published in German on
malocclusion in 1836.
 He attempted the first classification
of malocclusion.
 First to use removable appliances
when he fitted his prognathic
patient with a chin cap.
 Introduced the modern
impression tray.
 He used the gold spring as an
inclined plane. This modification
of inclined plane marks the limit of
his orthodontic therapy.
 Introduced the crib and principle of lever and screw (1815)

 He separated the crowded teeth by means of threads or

wooden wedges placed between the teeth.

 He sharply and justifiably rejected the premature extraction

of deciduous teeth.

 He gave early description of kind of band appliances fixed to

tooth turned on its axis.

 Achieved form of bite block through wire screen put in

molar area. Teeth were repositioned with silk threads.
 The term “orthodontia” was apparently first used by the
Frenchman Le Foulon in 1839.

 The term “orthodontics” comes from two

Greek words –
“orthos” meaning to correct.
“odontos” meaning teeth.
 Regarded maintenance of
deciduous teeth as best
preventive measure.
 Devoted 32 pages of his
textbook to the “Irregularity
of teeth”.
 For expansion of jaws he
fitted plate with a hinge at
it centre and two traverse
springs pressed the dental
arch and alveolar process
apart.
 condemned the premature extraction of deciduous
teeth. He called ‘attention to the lack of knowledge of
1819 Delabarre the growth of the face and of the causes of
malocclusion’.

Joseph recognized habit as a factor resulting in malocclusion.

1825 Sigmond
commented on heredity and rickets affecting the face
1829 Maury and the dental arches.

first mentioned thumb sucking as a cause of dental

1834 William Imrie abnormalities. This was followed by recognition of
tongue habits, soft diet and other contributory causes of
malocclusion.

1839 Rodrigues called attention to abnormal muscular pressure in the

etiology of dental abnormalities.
 In 1841, published the first
work confined to
orthodontics.

 He introduced
modification of screws
and the clamp band.
 Most important idea is his
demand that pulling
arrangement can be
anchored principally on
several molars which are
generally bound
together with gold clamp
and that mechanical
immobilisation of what have
been achieved so far be
carried out for long time.
 He coined the term Anchorage.
 First use of rubber bands.
One of the most important native practitioners was “John
Greenwood”(1760-1819).

 Benjamin James (1814)

Noted that he was “often called upon to cure irregularity, than to
prevent it”.

 Levis. Parmly (1819)

When irregularities are allowed to proceed and become fixed, it is
often a matter of difficulty and sometimes of impossibility to
rectify them.
Classifies orthodontics in the United States as:

(1) Early orthodontia, 1839 – 1880, or from Harris to

Kingsley.

(2) from 1880 – 1900, or from Kingsley to the

establishment of Angle School of Orthodontia and the
organization of American Society of Orthodontists.

(3) modern orthodontics, from 1900 to the present time.

Chapin A. Harris
 Published the first modern
classic book on dentistry,
The Dental Art, in 1840.
 He gives much attention to
various orthodontic
treatment procedures that
were adapted from French
and English practitioners.
 His personal technique
included the use of gold
caps on molars to open
the bite and knobs
soldered to a band for
tooth rotations.
 Materials generally used were cotton or silk ligatures,
metallic wedged arches, and wooden wedges, but the
discovery of vulcanite— a material used for artificial
dentures— permitted the construction of bite plates and other
forms of removable appliances.

 In addition, springs that were to be attached to the metal

frames for use in individual tooth movement were
introduced.
In 1840, Introduced the chinstrap as occipital anchorage for
the treatment of mandibular protrusion.

J.M.A.STRANGE
 Introduced modification of the screw, called the crib in
1841.
 Introduced the use of the clamp band and for retention
advised: "I use a rubber band attached to some hooks on
the appliance surrounding the molars for retention."
 Introduced the use of screws as early as 1841.
 were described in “On the Teeth”, in the chapter entitled
“Irregularities of the Teeth”.
 Described the premature loss of deciduous teeth as a cause
of malocclusion.
 Recommended that treatment begin at the age of 14 or 15
years .
 Described a bite-opening appliance, which consisted of a
labial arch of a light bar of gold or silver passed around the
front surfaces of the teeth by means of ligatures (known as
Indian twist), and the necks of the irregular teeth with
pressure applied for movement.
 SIMON HULLIHAN
 In 1848, performed the first successful Orthognathic
surgery, a partial osteoplastic resection of a prognathic
mandible.

WILLIAM DWINELLE
 In 1849, introduced jack screw.

 In 1852, the American Society of Dental Surgeons, the first

national dental association established in this country ,
formed a committee on dental irregularities.
 Dental surgeon of Boston.
 In 1853, he condemned the practice of early extraction of
deciduous teeth.
 Advocated the use of rubber bands, or tubes, for tooth
movement.
 In 1854, he published the requirements for an appliance in
the Dental Newsletter:

 lst: a film support that shall not loosen or in any way injure
the teeth to which it is attached;
 2nd: a steady and sufficient pressure;
 3rd: great delicacy of construction that the apparatus may be
as light as possible;
 4th: as a mechanism as simple as the case will admit.
 EMERSON C.ANGELL
(1823-1903A.D.)
 Probably the first person to advocate the
opening of the median suture to provide space
in the maxillary arch, since he took a strong
stand against extraction.
 (1828-1907A.D.)
In 1866, outlined the objectives of orthodontic treatment:
1st: the preservation of correct facial expression;
2nd: the restoration of such expression;
3rd: the proper articulation of the teeth for better
mastication;
4th: their orderly arrangement, with a view to preventing
decay.
 As early as 1871, William E. Magill (1825 to 1896
AD) had cemented bands on the teeth.

 It was not until the latter part of the nineteenth

century when a few dedicated dentists gave special
attention and importance to this phase of dentistry,
that our specialty began to emerge.
 Edward H. Angle referred to Kingsley
as;
‘’Orthodontia’s greatest genius”
 Prominent dentist, artist, and orthodontist.

 The most notable was kingsley’s book

“A Treatise on Oral Deformities” (1880)

 His book was the first to recommend that
etiology, diagnosis, and treatment planning
were the acceptable bases of practice.
 "Much success in treating irregularities
will depend upon a correct diagnosis and
prognosis."
 He experimented with appliances for the correction of
cleft palate.

 Cleft palate prostheses: Fabricated obturator

• Artificial replacement of missing parts.
• External immobilization.

 Over 100 articles on

• Cleft palate rehabilitation.
• Inadequacies of cleft palate surgery.
• Obturators.
• Orthodontic diagnosis.
• Orthodontic appliances.
 He is associated with a technique known as
“jumping the bite” with the use of a bite
plate.(1880)

 This is the forerunner of modern functional

appliances.

 used extraoral force to correct protruding teeth.

 Introduced occipital anchorage (1861)

 Referred to as the Father of American Orthodontics.
 He began his studies in 1875, during which time he investigated the
physiologic and pathologic changes occurring in animals as the result of
orthodontically induced tooth movement.
 He published articles between 1881 and 1887 in the Dental Cosmos, one
of the leading dental journal.
 Published Irregularities of the Teeth and Their Correction, Vol. 1 in 1888
and Vol. 2 in 1889.
 In this he demonstrated the uses of the screw as the motivating attachment
and the basis of what he referred to as a system of orthodontia.
 Farrar was the originator of the theory of intermittent force.
 First person to recommend root or bodily movement of the teeth.
W.H.Coffin
 Gave coffin spring in 1871.

G.B.Crozat
 Refined Jackson's crib into
a detectable labiolingual
wire appliance.
 Regarded as Father of Modern
Orthodontics.
 Most dominant, dynamic & influential
figure in orthodontics – E.H.Angle
 Born in a farm in Pennsylvania on
June 1st, 1855 .
 Marked ability to improve & create
mechanical equipment on the farm.
 Developed a passion for simplicity in
design.
 Apprenticed himself to a dentist at his
mother’s request.
1878 Angle received his DDS degree from the Pennsylvania College of Dental
Surgery

1887 appointed to the chair of orthodontia in the Dental Department of the

University of Minnesota.

1887 read his "revolutionary ideas" at the ninth International Medical Congress
(District of Columbia), which received wide attention.
The paper was entitled "Notes on Orthodontia with a New System of
Regulation and Retention."
later published in the Ohio Journal of Dental Science

1888 during a lecture to the Iowa State Dental Society on his "system of
orthodontia," Angle demonstrated for the first time the expansion arch
and its auxiliaries.
1894 appointed as the first professor of orthodontia at Marian Sims College,
receiving the MD degree from that college the following year.

1899 classification of malocclusion was published in the Dental Cosmos

1900 organized the first school of orthodontia— The Angle School of Orthodontia
at St. Louis. Angle stated -
“The idea of a postgraduate school was forced upon me because I wished to
see those who had a desire to study orthodontia better receive the
opportunity to do so”.

May, At a banquet in Dr. Angle’s office, the students & teachers decided that the
1901 time was ripe for an Orthodontic Society.
Orthodontic Society was born ‘The American Society of Orthodontists’.

10 charter members elected Angle as president.

June, He was instrumental in establishing the 1st journal of specialty – The
1901 American orthodontist.

1907 E- arch appliance.

Angle moved his school to new york.

1908 moved his school to New London, Conn.

Decided to give up practice of orthodontia & devote himself to study,
teaching & development of better appliances.
1912 Pin and tube appliance.

1915 Ribbon arch appliance.

1916 In 1916 Angle moved again, this time to Pasadena, Calif.
James Angle – first student of Edward H. Angle College of
Orthodontia in California.

1922 Graduates of Pasadena, St. Louis & New London formed The
Edward H. Angle Society

1928 Angle attended the last society meeting on June 1928 in New
London, Connecticut.

1930 The society ceased to exist after his passing away.

17 Nov, society reorganized & restarted from former members.

1930
 Established orthodontics as a separate branch of
dentistry.
 Classified malocclusion-1899.
 Established Angle School Of Orthodontics in St.
Louis ,Connecticut in 1900 and Pasadena in 1920.
 Founded American Society Of Orthodontics in
1901.
 Developed different orthodontic appliances.
  Angle developed classification of malocclusion.
 Published in ‘Dental Cosmos’ in 1899.

 Based on this principle:

“The best balance, the best harmony, the best proportions of

the mouth in its relation to the other features require that there
shall be a full complement of teeth & that each tooth shall be
made to occupy its normal position - i.e. normal occlusion”.
 Upper first molars are the key to
occlusion.
 Most remarkably stable landmark in
craniofacial anatomy – upper first
molars.
 Upper & lower molars should be
related so that the mesiobuccal cusp of
the upper molar occludes in the buccal
groove of the lower molar.
 Line of occlusion – The line with
which, in form & position according to
type, the teeth must be in harmony if in
normal occlusion.
  Angle developed different orthodontics appliances:
1. E-arch appliance.
2. Pin and tube appliance.
3. Ribbon arch appliance.
4. Edgewise arch.
 It was used primarily for tipping tooth crowns into
proper alignment . It was the first appliance to utilize
the stationary anchorage of the 1st permanent molar.
 Simplicity in design.
 Heavy interrupted forces.
 Not possible to precisely position any individual teeth.
 It was exceptionally difficult to manipulate and could only
tip teeth into the new position.
 Tooth movement was accomplished by repositioning the
individual pins at each appointment.
 Move the teeth bodily.
 ‘Bone growing appliance’.
 Capable of great precision in tooth movement.
 Incredible degree of craftsmanship.
 Impractical in clinical use.
 Poor spring qualities.
 In this appliance, he modified the tube on each tooth to provide
a vertically positioned rectangular slot behind the tube. A
ribbon arch of 10 x 20 gold wire was placed into the slot and
held with pins.
 First bracket.
 Good spring qualities.
 Allowed versatile movements.
LIMITATIONS:
 Unable to achieve mesiodistal tipping movements.
 Not possible to provide stabilization or anchorage of posterior
teeth.
 Did not allow to torque roots to a new position.
 ‘Latest and the best’.
 Reorientation of slot from vertical to horizontal.
 Rectangular wire of 0.022 x 0.028 inch inserted in
a horizontal slot.
 Excellent control of crown & root position in all
three planes of space.
 Mastered complex metallurgy & had immense
knowledge of noble metals.
 ROUSSEAU WOLFF
 The internal architecture of
 Emphasized the bone responds to stresses
perfectability of man. placed on that part of the
skeleton.
 This led Angle to believe  Angle reasoned that if the
that every person has the teeth were placed in proper
potential for an ideal occlusion, forces transmitted
to the teeth would cause
relationship of all 32 bone to grow around them &
natural teeth. stabilize them even if a great
deal of arch expansion had
occurred.
 Angle consulted the famous artist of the day Professor Wuerpel for
the ideal facial form.
 Wuerpel ridiculed that it is impossible to specify any one facial form
as ideal.
 ANGLE- had an uncompromising position against extraction.
 The great controversy between angle and Calvin case about
extraction and non extraction is a fascinating chapter in the
history of orthodontics.
 There chief difference was in the indications and need for
premolar extraction in the treatment of malocclusion and the
controversy was extensive and bitter.
 The extraction story continued…. into 1911 with Martin
Dewey
 CALVIN S. CASE
(1847-1923)
 1871-Graduated from Ohio college
of dental surgery.
 Wrote a practical treatise on
“Technics and principles of Dental
Orthopedia” (1908) and wrote 123
articles.
 First to use along with Henry Baker
Class II elastics and was the first to
attempt bodily movement.
 CONTRARY to Angle, Case used different type of
appliance for each patient and stressed facial esthetics
in contrast to Angle’s reliance on occlusion

 1892- First to stress on root movement & used rubber

elastics in treatment.

 Rehabilitation of cleft palate deformities.

 His greatest contribution to be prosthetic correction of

cleft palate by---Case type of obturator (still in use)
 First to use light wires (.016-.018)
 Advocated extraction to correct facial deformities

 Case’s 1911 paper provoked acrimonious debate

that came to be known as
“Great Extraction v/s non extraction debate”
  A fascinating chapter in the history of orthodontics.
 Originally, Case was a genuine admirer of Angle.

 The discord :

started over the claim that Angle attributed the origin of the
use of intermaxillary elastics to Baker, while Case thought that
he should have received that credit. In fact, when Angle
described this procedure, he never mentioned Case.
 This led to charges and countercharges between them in
1903.
 The bombshell— the question of the extraction of certain
teeth as a means of treatment.
 Angle's thesis was that "there shall be a full complement of
teeth, and that each tooth shall be made to occupy its normal
position."
 Case defended the discret use of extraction as a practical
procedure, while Angle believed in nonextraction.
 However, the unexpected result of this controversy was that
it convinced general practitioners that they should not
attempt orthodontic treatment but should refer patients to the
specialist.
 The extraction story was continued into 1911 with Martin
Dewey (1881-1933 AD) an ardent champion of
nonextraction.
The climax of this conflict was a debate in 1911 at the annual
meeting of National Dental Association (former name of the
ADA).
CASE Appeared in Chicago before National Dental
Association’s with his paper
“The question of extraction in Orthodontia”
He was supported by impressive argument Matthew Cryer,
renowned anatomist.
“Dewey(Angle’s Student) Vs. Case”
One of the most sharpest and most heated controversies.
Discussion erupted into full scale debate……
Angle & his followers won the day.
- Orthodontist such as John Mershon, Joseph Johnson,
George Crozat ,whose appliances relied on non-
extraction philosophy, helped perpetuate this
philosophy.

- But by 1930’s; dentist were beginning to notice relapse…

 Martin Dewey
(1881-1933)

 Born in 1881, Kansas.

 1902- attended one of the first

classes of Angle school of
orthodontics.

 1911- Dewey school of orthodontia.

 1914- Book entitled ‘Practical orthodontics’
orthodontic philosophy and mechanical procedures.

 1915- Founded and became editor of the International

Journal of Orthodontia (now AJO).

 1931- president of American dental association (ADA)

 1902 - Graduate of Angle
School of Orthodontics.
 First to introduce
Roentgenogram &
Photography
 Investigated the problem
of root resorption.
 Founding president of
ABO.
• Angle’s student.
• He demonstrated high percentage of
upper 1st molar rotation and warned in
classifying malocclusion.
• He pioneered the use of hand- wrist
radiograph to determine the growth
age and status of the patient.
• 1935- introduced craniometrical
measurements and classification of
dental development.
 1929 -The American Board of Orthodontics
(ABO) was founded and is the oldest specialty
board in dentistry.

 1931 – Holly Broadbent introduced cephalometric

radiography and tracing.
 Born on October 13th, 1898 in
Coolgardie, Western Australia.
 1924 – Angle School of
Orthodontia, Pasadena,
Student of Angle.
 Returned to Australia in 1925.
 Non-extraction + Ribbon
arch mechanics
 Poor post treatment profiles
and relapses.
 Feb. 1928- started extraction.
Later started Ribbon arch brackets with slots facing
gingivally.

Ribbon arch appliance + extraction

Begg technique
 1956 – Differential force concept.
 1957 – H.D. Kesling visited Begg.
 Return to U.S. – ‘Begg Technique’ practice with Dr. Robert A.
Rocke.
 Demand for organised training in U.S.
 1959- first course in Begg technique at Kesling & Rocke
Orthodontic Centre in Westville, Indiana.

 Begg Revolution.
 1964 – North American Begg Society of Orthodontists.
  CONVENTIONAL / TRADITIONAL BEGG –
Technique outlined by Begg & Kesling.
The present day Begg differs considerably from the original
teachings of Dr Begg.
It has evolved in two distinct forms-

 MODIFIED BEGG – Here the core light wire philosophy has

remained the same but the brackets designs have changed, e.g;
combination brackets.
Begg principle with brackets other than ribbon arch bracket.

 REFINED BEGG – using the same inverted Ribbon Arch

brackets but incorporating improvements in mechanics
Current Begg practice using same Begg brackets – Mollenhauer,
Wagers, Sims, Hocevar, Swain, Kameda & Dr. Jayade.
Advantages of Begg technique-

1. Light continuous forces.

2. Rapid alignment, leveling & rotation of anterior
teeth.
3. Rapid overbite correction.
4. Simultaneous crown tipping retraction of all
anterior teeth.
5. No extraoral force necessary.
 Replacement of precious metal ribbon arch with high
strength 16mil stainless steel wire.
 Retained the original ribbon arch bracket but turned it
upside down so that the bracket slot points
gingivally.
 Added auxillary springs to the appliance for control
of root position.
 Begg appliance became widely popular (1960s).

 Removed the need for headgear.

 Allowed more efficient tooth movement with less

discomfort.

 Used stainless steel wire instead of gold or platinum.

(Arthur Wilcock)
 Charles H. Tweed applied to the
Angle school in Pasadena in 1925
but was refused admittance.
 Angle told him to study and to
become more serious about
orthodontics.
 Angle and Tweed worked closely
together for the last two years of
Angle's life.
 Tweed made progress records of his patients every 4
months. He packed the records in a suitcase and took
them to Pasadena, where Angle studied them and
outlined a treatment plan for the next 4 months.

 Angle was so pleased with Tweed's work, that he was

instrumental in making it possible for Tweed to be
invited to give lectures at several orthodontic meetings.

 In 1932, Tweed published his first article in The Angle

Orthodontics. It was titled "Reports of Cases Treated
with the Edgewise Arch Mechanism."
 Tweed held to Angle's firm conviction that the
practitioner must adhere to the line of occlusion concept
and never extract teeth.

 After 5 years of orthodontic practice, Tweed became

disheartened with his work for two reasons:
1) the protrusive faces that he was creating.
2) the unstable dentition.
He resolved to study his many failures and his few
successes.
 By 1940 he had records of 100 patients, treated first without
extractions and then retreated with extractions.

 He put these patient records on display at an American

Association of Orthodontists (AAO) meeting.

 Angle gave orthodontics the edgewise bracket, but Tweed

gave orthodontists a way to use it.

 He devoted all 42 years of his professional life to the use and

refinement of Angle's invention, the edgewise appliance.
  4 objectives of orthodontic treatment with emphasis
for facial esthetics.
 The patients who had pleasing facial balance and
harmony also had mandibular incisors that were
upright over basal bone.
 The carefully planned extractions allowed to improve
appearance as well as stability
 Clinical application of cephalometrics.
 Introduced anchorage preparation.
 Serial extraction of primary and permanent teeth.
 Wrote 20 textbooks, 22 chapters in other
textbooks, 180 publications in journals
& 930 book & journal abstract reviews.

 1950 – First PhD to Dentist by

Northwestern University Medical
School.

 Editor-in-chief of AJO for 15yrs.

Vick Alexander Charles Burstone
 In 1978: --  Segmented arch technique.
 Vari-Simplex  COGS
Discipline.  Introduced TMA, chinese
NiTi, fibre reinforced
composite.
 Bioprogressive therapy (1950s).

 Concept of VTO (Visual treatment

objective) and computerized
cephalometry (mid-1970s).
 DENTISTRY IN INDIA
 The first dental college was started by late Dr. R.A. Ahmed in
Calcutta in 1920 from his personal resources.
 In 1927, late Dr. M.K. Patel started another college in Karachi.
 In 1933, Nair Hospital Dental College was started by the founders
of Nair Hospital through the efforts of Dr. V.M. Desai.
 In 1945, Dr. S.K. Mazumdar of Calcutta traveled all over India
with a missionary zeal for forming one dental association for the
whole country.
 His dream coincided with the aspirations of the nation as the
Popular Ministry was established in the same year viz. 1946 in
which year the All India Dental Association was also founded.
 It drafted the Indian Dentist Act.
 Act was passed by the Parliament and became a Law in
1948.
 With the passing of the Act, the Dental Council of India
came in to being and the practice of dentistry was regulated.
 It also drafted syllabus for B.D.S. and M.D.S. With
continuous efforts, new dental colleges were started.
 In 1935, Dr. H.D.Merchant gave the first series of lectures
in orthodontics at the Nair Hospital Dental College, Bombay.
 considered to be the “The father of Indian orthodontics”.
 The first department of orthodontics was properly
established in 1939 in Nair Hospital Dental College,
Bombay under Dr. H.D. Merchant.
 M.D.S. – in 1959; Nair Dental College & Govt. Dental
College, Bombay.
Dr.Harikrishan D. Merchant (1907- 1998)
 The first qualified Orthodontist in India.
 Founder President of the Indian Orthodontic Society.
 Played an active role in drafting the Dentists’ Act and also
the Dental council of India.

Dr. Haziz S Shaikh (1929- 1996)

 Under his guardianship, the Indian Orthodontic Society
conducted Begg course in 1969 and 1973.
Dr. A.B. Modi (1930- 1998)
 He was considered an authority on functional appliances.
 He was one of the founder members of Indian Orthodontic Society.

 In India….
 Dr. A.B. Modi has introduced Frankel’s Appliance and functional
appliances.
 In 1954, Dr. Prem Prakash introduced edgewise appliance.
 Dr. Henriques introduced labiolingual appliance in 1955.
 In 1957, Dr. N. H. Parikh introduced jaraback technique.
 In 1963 ;Dr. Prem Parkash introduced the begg technique.
 The Indian Orthodontic Society has completed
more than 50 glorious years since its inception in
1965.
 The study group of Mumbai established in the
year 1962 became the nucleus of the present Indian
Orthodontic Society.
 In the year 1963, the 7 Founder Members of our
Society met at Bangalore during the Indian Dental
Conference and decided to start the first specialty
society in India for the practice of Orthodontics.
 The Indian Orthodontic Society was established on Friday
the 5th October 1965 at Mumbai.

7 VISIONARIES:
 (Late) Dr. H.D.Merchant -- Founder President
 Dr. Naishadh Parikh -- Founder Secretary and Treasurer.
The other founder members were:
 (Late) Dr. Ashok B. Modi,
 Dr. Keki M. Mistry,
 Dr. Mohandas Bhat,
 Dr. Prem Prakash and
 (Late) Dr. H.S.Shaikh.
 Journal of Indian Orthodontic Society, 1965.
 The First Annual Conference of the Indian Orthodontic
Society was held along with the Indian Dental
Conference during January 1967 at New Delhi with a
scientific session.
 Dr H.D merchant as first editor :

Started the quarterly publication of journal of indian

orthodontic society
 Became member of World Federation of Orthodontics
(San Francisco, U.S.A. 1995).
 The indian orthodontic society started its office of 2100
sq feet at vellore on April 12, 1998.
 Library & first Dental Museum in India, 1998.
 Free Dental Specialty Centre, Vellore – Aug. 1999.
 In 1999, the Indian Board of Orthodontics, first
dental specialty to establish a professional certifying
board in India, was formed.
 Presently, Dr. K. Gangadhara Prasad – president of
Indian Orthodontic society.
 Lingual orthodontics

 Invisalign

 Clearpath
 With orthodontic patient demographics expanding to
involve more adults, the demand for esthetic appliances
is greater and orthodontists are keen on offering their
patients more discreet and even invisible options.
Lingual orthodontics is a very viable field which offers
all this, and it is noteworthy that more and more
orthodontists in India are practicing the craft. With
laboratory support being the backbone of this technique,
it is gratifying that support is also within reach of the
Indian Orthodontist with many of our own pioneering
and contributing in this area.
 Since, the introduction of Invisalign1 (Align
Technology, San Jose, California, USA) CAD/CAM
aligner therapy has come a long way from treating
simple nonextraction cases to increasingly complex
extraction cases.2
The technique was primarily developed as an esthetic
alternative to fixed mechanotherapy, hence it is
imperative that esthetics be maintained in extraction
cases (or in case of missing teeth), where the show of
extraction space is deemed unacceptable by the patient.
 ClearPath provides new improved quality aligners
through its unique proprietary process which
provides a hygienic, convenient and a clear solution
for the correction of malocclusion without having to
wear brackets and wires.
 Clinical trial ClearPath has successfully completed a
number of cases before introducing it for clinical
use and these have proven to be highly successful in
correction of a variety of malocclusions including
mild & moderate cases.
 Dentistry, and indeed orthodontics, does not work in
isolation but in scientific harmony with all health
disciplines.
 Orthodontics finds itself directly involved in the new social
outlook that has converted health from a privilege of the few
to an entitlement for all.
 For years, orthodontists have attempted to upgrade scientific
and professional expertise. Changes in the areas of practice
include a resurgence of treatment of the adult patient and its
concomitant expertise as the public becomes aware of
personal dental health and esthetics.
 It also includes invasion of areas like; orthognathic surgery
and the problems associated with the temporomandibular
joint.
 Orthodontics has achieved the status of a recognized
specialty of dentistry because of a long period of
craftsmanship and professional expertise.
 Our objective has always been to provide for the
preservation of dental health through the conservation of oral
structures and the maintenance of dental function.
 Orthodontics, and indeed all of dentistry if it is to survive as
a profession, must continually reexamine its history and find
relevant and significant ideals to meet the crises of today.
 Asbell MB, A Brief History of Orthodontics (1),
American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial
Orthopedics, August 1990.
 Asbell MB, A Brief History of Orthodontics (2),
American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial
Orthopedics, September 1990.
 Contemporary Orthodontics, William R Proffit, 5th
edition.
 Merchant HD, The beginning of orthodontics in
India, Journal of Indian Orthodontic Society, Vol.
XII, 1980.
 Matasa CG, Graber TM, Angle, the innovator,
mechanical genius and clinician, American Journal
of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, April
2000.
 Graber TM, Neumann B, Removable Orthodontic
Appliances, WB Saunders Co., 1984.
 Graber TM, Orthodontics _ Principles and Practice,
WB Saunders, 1996
 Textbook of orthodontics, Bishara
 Removable Orthodontic Appliances Keith Geoffrey
Issacson, R.T. Reed, J.D.muir
 Vaid NR, Revankar AV, Vandekar M. I-
Pontics for CAD/CAM Aligners. J Ind
Orthod Soc 2013;47(3):169-170.
 Padmanabhan S. Changing paradigm -
lingual orthodontics. J Indian Orthod Soc
2016;50:S1.
THANK YOU