3.

2 Shading devices –External

3. Solar Radiation & its control
3.1 Solar radiation control
techniques – Orientation,
vegetation, water body, color,
texture
3.2 Shading devices – Internal &
External
3.3 Shadow angles for shading
devices
3.4 Design of external shading
devices (Calculation)
3.5 Selective Transmittance
3.3 Shadow angles for
shading devices

3.4 Design of external

shading devices
(Calculation)
3.2 Shading devices –External
DESIGN OF EXTERNAL
SHADING DEVICES:

• Find out when shading is

needed
• Overheating period
• Position of Sun from Solar
chart
• Determine the type &
position of shading devices
 3.2 Shading Device - External
HORIZONTAL SHADING
DEVICE:
• Effective in high Sun angle
• Effective when Sun is
opposite to the window wall

TYPE:
• ROOF OVERHANG
• BALCONY
• CANOPY
• HORIZONTAL BLADE
3.2 Shading devices –External
VERTICAL SHADING
DEVICE:
• Effective in low Sun
angle
• Mostly effective in East
& West side of building
• Effective when Sun is
side to the window wall

TYPE:
• VERTICAL SLAB
 3.2 Shading devices –External
EGG-CRATE SHAPE SHADING
DEVICE:
• Combination of vertical &
horizontal Sun breaker
• Most effective for both
high & low Sun angle
• Effective in South
orientation
TYPE:
• HONEYCOMB
• SQUARE
• HEXAGONAL
Solar & Shadow angles :
1. Solar altitude
angle(gamma)

2. Solar azimuth angle(alpha)

3. Horizontal shadow angle(

delta )
4. Vertical shadow angle (
ebsilent)
5. Wall azimuth angle(omega
w)
6. Angle of Incidence ( Beta )
3.3 Shadow angles for shading devices:

Shadow Angles to exclude

Sun light in warm climate/
Summer creating the
shading devices:

Shading devices by
Shadow angles :
1. Horizontal shadow
angle( delta )
2. Vertical shadow angle (
ebsilent)
Shadow Angles :
1.Horizontal shadow angle
(Delta):
• For Vertical shading device
• Difference between solar
azimuth angle & wall azimuth
angle

• Same as horizontal
component of angle of
incidence

Angle Delta calculated by =

azimuth difference

• between solar azimuth angle

from solar chart &
wall azimuth angle
(wall Orientation )
Shadow Angles :
2. Vertical shadow angle ( e
)
• For horizontal shading
device ( fig)
• Vertical plane normal to
the elevation of wall
• Horizontal projection
i e Roof, slab, canopy,
horizontal shading
device
Calculated by tangent eq.
• Tan e = Tan gamma X
Sec delta
3.4 Design of external shading devices
(Calculation)
Wall azimuth angle :
(wall Orientation )
Example if Solar position in
28 N at 10 a m on 22 June
wall facing South East:
1. Wall azimuth angle = 135
2. Solar azimuth angle = 92 (
Solar chart)
Horizontal shadow angle
(Delta):
1. Angle Delta = azimuth
difference
2. Wall azimuth angle - Solar
azimuth angle (Vice versa)
3. Angle Delta = 135-92 = 43
degree
Shadow Angles : (Calculation)

Angle of Incidence ( Beta B

):

• Angle between a line

perpendicular to the wall
& Sun’s direction
• Calculated by cosine
formula:

• cos B = cos(delta) X cos

(gamma)
Shadow Angles : Angle of Incidence ( B ):
(Calculation)
cos B = cos(delta) X
cos (gamma)
1. Wall azimuth angle = 180
2. Solar azimuth angle = 92 ( Solar
chart)
3. Horizontal shadow angle
(delta)= 135-92 = 43 degree
4. Solar altitude angle(gamma) =
62 degree
cos B = cos 43 X cos62
cos B = 0.68 X 0.47
cos B = 0.32
cos B = 71 degree
Shadow Angles : (Calculation)

2. Vertical shadow angle (

e)
Calculated by formula:
• Tan e = Tan (gamma) X
sec (delta)
• Tan e = Tan 62 X sec 43
• Tan e = 1.88 X 1.37
• Angle Tan e = 2.57
• e = 69 degree
Calculation of Solar & Shadow angles :
Find out following angles
for SE facing wall in
Kathmandu at 9 am on 15
May:

1. Solar altitude
angle(gamma)
2. Solar azimuth angle(alpha)
3. Horizontal shadow angle(
delta )
4. Vertical shadow angle (
ebsilent)
5. Wall azimuth angle(omega)
6. Angle of Incidence ( B )
Calculation of Solar & Shadow angles :
Given:
• Kathmandu - latitude 28/27
solar chart
• for SE facing wall
• Time: 9 am , Date: 15 May

1. From Solar chart of 28

latitude ,
2. Solar altitude
angle(gamma)= 48
3. Solar azimuth angle
(alpha)= 92
Calculation of Solar & Shadow angles :
Wall azimuth angle(omega) =
135 degree
for SE facing wall
Solar azimuth angle(alpha)=
92
1. Horizontal shadow
angle( delta ) = azimuth
difference
= Wall azimuth
angle(omega) -Solar
azimuth angle (alpha)
= 135 – 92= 43 degree
For vertical shading device
Calculation of Solar & Shadow angles :
Vertical shadow angle ( ebsilent
e)
• tan e = tan (gamma) X sec (delta)
• tan e = tan 48 X sec 43 =
Angle of Incidence (B) =
• cos B = cos(delta) X cos (gamma)
• cos B = cos 43 X cos 48 =
1. Solar altitude angle(gamma) = 48
degree
2. Solar azimuth angle (alpha)= 92
3. Horizontal shadow angle( delta )
= 43 degree
4. Vertical shadow angle ( ebsilent)=
5. Wall azimuth angle(omega) = 135
degree
6. Angle of Incidence (B) =
Calculation of 1. It is required to cover a window
of 1.5 m high against the
shading devices: sunlight by a horizontal
projection fixed 200 mm above
the upper edge of the window .
What should be the effective
projection in front of the wall ?
The wall is facing southeast in
Kathmandu. Full coverage is to
be obtained at 10 am on 22
June.
Given,
• in Kathmandu, 10 am on 22
June
• Window height = 1.5+0.2 m
• =1.7m
Calculation of From Solar chart 28 N,
shading devices: 1. Solar altitude
angle(gamma) = 62 degree
2. Solar azimuth angle = 92
degree

3. Wall azimuth angle =

90+45
=135 SE

Horizontal shadow angle

(delta)= azimuth difference
= 135-92 = 43 degree
Calculation of tan e = tan (gamma) X sec
shading devices: (delta)
tan e = tan 62 X sec 43
tan e = 1.88 X 1/0.73
tan e = 2.57
tan e = 69 degree

From triangle,
tan e = p/b
Or, tan e = 1.7 m/X
0r, tan 69 = 1.7 m/X
Or, 2.57= 1.7 m/X
Or, X = 1.7 m/ 2.57
.-.X = 0.66 m
 Sample problems
• Q.No.1 It is required to cover a window
of 1.65m. high against direct sunlight
by a horizontal louver fixed 200 mm.
above the upper edge of the window.
What should be the effective
projection of the louver in front of the
wall? The wall is facing SE at 28
latitude. The full coverage is to be
obtained at 10.00 A.M. on 21 June.
Draw the necessary sketches.
• Q.No.2 It is required to cover a window
of 1.65m. high against direct sunlight
by a horizontal louver fixed 150 mm.
above the upper edge of the window.
What should be the effective
projection of the louver in front of the
wall? The wall is facing SE at 28
latitude. The full coverage is to be
obtained at 9.00 A.M. on 21 June.
Draw the necessary sketches.
Q.No.3 Find the following values on 16
May 11 a.m. for south facing wall for
the 28 latitude.
• i. Solar altitude angle ii. Solar
azimuth angle iii. Wall azimuth angle
iv. Horizontal shadow angle
• v. Vertical shadow angle vi. Angle of
Incidence. vi. Horizontal
component of Angle of Incidence
• Draw the necessary sketches.
Q.No.4 Find the following values on 28
July 1 p.m. for SE facing wall for 28
latitude.
• I. Solar altitude angle ii. Solar
azimuth angle iii. Wall azimuth angle
• iv. Horizontal shadow angle v. Vertical
shadow angle vi. Angle of Incidence
• Draw the necessary sketches.
THANK YOU