Landscape construction and site planning

Submitted to : AR. Dhruvita mahida

AR. Neerav khandvala
AR. Krutika
AR. Khushbu

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Contents
 Earthwork  Location of building
 Fill Operations  Slope calculations
1. Types of Compactions
2. Types of Fill
 Drainage and Utilities
 Grading
 Storm water harvesting
 Minimize slope disturbance
 Conserve existing vegetation
 Visual analysis
 Making a contour map
 Roadways

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FILL OPERATIONS
• All areas designated to
receive fill are typically
scarified to create a
mechanical bond between
the sub grade and new fill.
• Fill is systematically placed
in specified layers or lifts
(150-300)mm and
compacted by machinery.
• Each lift must be compacted
to achieve the specified
density of 95% so that
threat of infiltration and
bearing capacity will
resemble that of
“undisturbed earth." which
Cut and fill diagram showing the top of cut
is also known as “controlled stake and bottom of fill stake
fill placement” and is
repeated until the new
subgrade elevation is
achieved.
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 Fill side of cross section
through road

Cut side of cross section

through road
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 EARTHWORK

• After a site has been cleared and

stripped of its organic soil horizon , it
is prepared for general excavation.
• Typically top and bottom of slope
grade stakes are set to indicate to
operators where embankment cuts
begin and where embankment fills are
to end.
• Earthwork operations are divided into
cut , fill, trenching and bulk
excavations.
• Earth is moved to create platforms for
new construction of all roads,
buildings, parking, or open lawn areas.
• If soil is suitable , soil from cut areas is
placed directly in adjacent fill areas
using largest piece of equipment
possible.
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 Typical soil volume change during earthmoving operations

•Types of compaction:
1. clay soil compaction
2. Granular soil compaction.

• Types of fill:
1. general fill
2. Trench and foundation backfill
3. Structural fill.
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Types of fill

 General fill
1. general fill is usually subsoil taken from one-site cut and should be structurally
suited to avoid differential settlement or excessive swelling.
2. good site design balances cut and fill and avoids sites with unsuitable construction
soils.
 Trench and foundation backfill
1. Back filling of pipe and foundation trenches requires controlled lifts and careful
compaction to avoid differential settlement and trench wall slump.
2. Stands for pipe and aggregates for perforated drain are used as bedding.
3. Backfill material should contain graduated particle sizes, but should not contain large
stones, which may create air pockets.
 Structural fill
1. Structural fill is placed under building floor slabs.
2. It needs very strict placement and compaction .
3. It consists of graded aggregate base material placed in 15 cm (6 in) lifts, and rolled to
achieve 95% density.
4. Such structural fills should not exceed 90 cm (3 ft) in normal circumstances for cost
and stability.

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DRAINAGE AND
UTILITIES
• Placement of sanitary and storm
sewer basins and pipes begin after
cut and fill operations are
completed so that outlets may be
connected to subsequent building
drains , site curtain drains, and
other temporary dewatering and
construction runoff filtering
systems.
• Care must be taken to insure that
newly buried pipes have sufficient
soil cover in those areas subject to
heavy vehicular traffic.
• Most thin wall pipes require
750mm of soil cover to prevent
crushing.
• At this stage in construction,
subgrades may be 300-450mm
below finish grades.
• All drain basins require controlled
backfills to prevent lateral shifting
in vehicular pavements.

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GRADING
• Grading operations
prepare the site to receive
pavements, plantings, and all
other site improvements.
• Stakes are offset from road
centerlines and pavement
edges so as not to interfere
with subsequent
construction operations.
• Grade stakes are typically
offset 300-600mm from
proposed pavement edges.
• It involves two phases:
1. Rough grading
2. Finish grading.

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ROUGH GRADING
• Rough grading is necessary after
all cut and fill operations have
established approximate
elevations for purposed sub-
grades.
• Bulldozers, roads graders and
hand labour are needed to
precisely set edges and create
uniform slopes.
• Grading under slabs and
pavement structures requires
precision within 1.5cm (1/2in)
FINISH GRADING
• Finish grading is the final
placement of topsoil between
pavements and structure.
• Soil depths may vary by planning
type.
• This is completed after major
planting of trees and all other
activities.
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 Grading for drainage

Grading for stairs and ramps

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 Storm water harvesting

• Storm water harvesting involves collecting, storing and treating storm

water from urban areas, which can then be used as recycled water.
• The storm water is collected from storm water drains or creeks,
rather than roofs. Recycled water is treated so it’s safe to use .
Recycled water produced from storm water harvesting is commonly
used to water public parks, gardens, sports, fields and golf courses.

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Advantages of using this system in urban areas are as
follows:

 Reduces the demand for drinking

water by replacing it with recycled
water produced from storm water
harvesting .
 Reduces stress on urban streams and
rivers by capturing some of the
pollutants and nutrients that would
otherwise enter waterways from
storm water flows.
 Enables users to access an alternative
source of water for non-drinking use.
 Increases opportunities for sustainable
water management, which is an
important consideration in water
sensitive urban design.

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Methods of ground water recharge:

1. Recharge pits
2. Recharge trenches
3. Re use of abandoned dug wells
4. Re use of abandoned hand pumps
5. Recharge shafts
6. Lateral shafts with bore wells
7. Spreading techniques like percolation ponds , check dams or gabion
structures.

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Recharge pit Recharge trenches
 Recharge pits are  These are constructed when the
constructed for recharging permeable stream is available at shallow
the shallow aquifer . depth .
 These are constructed 1 to
 Trench may be 0.55 to 1 m wide, 1 to
2m, wide and to 3 m deep
which are back filled with 1.55 m deep and 10 to 20 m long
boulders, gravels, coarse depending upon availability of water .
sand.  These are back filled with filter material.

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Recharging of dug wells
 Dug well can be used as recharge structure.
 Rainwater form the rooftop is diverted to dug well after passing it
through filtration bed.
 Cleaning and desalting of dug well should be done regularly to
enhance the recharge rate.

Infiltration well 4/5/2016 landscape construction and site planning 16

Recharge shafts

 Recharge shaft is similar to the recharge pits, but the cross sectional size of
the recharge shaft is much lesser than the recharge pits.
 Like the recharge pits, recharge shafts are also used to recharge water to
unconfined aquifer whose water table is deep below the land surface and a
poorly impermeable strata exist at the surface level.

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MINIMIZE SLOPE DISTURBANCE
• Leaving a slope undisturbed reduces the risk of disturbing
natural hydrological drainage and causing long and short-
term erosion on site, which can pollute water sources and
damage local ecology.
• A typical slope breakdown :
1. 0-2% -good for development.
2. 2-8%-good for most type of development.
3. 8-16%- restricted development.
4. 16-24%-not suitable for most development.
5. 24% and above – not suitable for any devlopment.
• Align road or extended driveway with natural
topography to minimize its grade and reduce cut and
fill.
• Reduce long term erosion effects through the design
and implementation of terracing , retaining walls and
stabilization techniques.

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CONSERVE EXISTING
VEGETATION

• Minimize disturbance and

damage of trees and other
vegetation designated for
protection through installation
of fencing , compaction of soil
and critical root zones.
• Prepare designated existing
trees and vegetation for impacts
of construction through
pruning, fertilizing and watering.
• Pre-development preparation of
vegetation and protection of
foilage,soil and root system of
designated vegetation.

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VISUAL ANALYSIS
• Analyze the visual quality of site to get a sense of place so that the design of
site complements and reinforces the local visual flavour , instead of being a
misfit.
• Enhance visual quality by creating a rhythm of open spaces and framed views.
Orient visitors to building entrances.
• Highlight key landmarks, vistas and facilities.
• The elements of urban form (edges, paths, districts, nodes and landmarks)can
be used to analyze the visual context surrounding the site.

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MAKING A
CONTOUR MAP

• Contour lines show the height

above sea level.
• Most maps have contour lines
every 10 m.

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ROADWAYS
•Grading and alignment :
1. Alignment of road giving it
horizontal and vertical direction.
2. Grading the adjacent landscape to
road edge.
• Existing tress: It should
maintain with care.
• Erosion control by grading :
most erosion is caused by flowing
water.
• Parking areas : grading of
parking areas are major
determinants for grading plan of
site. The recommended maximum
cross slope for a parking area is
10%.
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Swales and ditches

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Major and minor flooding
system in suburban and
urban locations

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LOCATION OF BUILDING

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