Multiple Block Diagram

Reduction
Objective:

Reduce block diagram of multiple

subsystems to a single block
representing the transfer function.
What is a Block Diagram?
 A shorthand pictorial
representation of the
cause and effect
relationship between
the input and output of
a physical system
Block diagram of a linear time – invariant
system consists of four elements:
Block diagram of a linear time – invariant
system consists of four elements:
Summing Junction
the characteristic of summing
junction is that the output
signal is the algebraic sum of
the input signals
Block diagram of a linear time – invariant
system consists of four elements:
Pick – off Points
Distributes the input signal
𝑅(𝑠), undiminished , to several
output points.
The three fundamental configurations in
which blocks can be connected:
Cascade form
Parallel form
Feedback form
The three fundamental configurations
in which blocks can be connected:
Cascade form:
 Can be algebraically
combined by multiplication
of transfer functions
 Each signal is derived from
the product of the input
times the transfer function
The three fundamental configurations
in which blocks can be connected:
Parallel Form
 Parallel subsystems have a common input and output
 Any finite number of blocks can be algebraically
combined by either addition or subtraction
The three fundamental configurations
in which blocks can be connected:
Feedback Form
Moving Blocks to Create Familiar
Forms:
Moving a block to the left past a summing junction
Moving Blocks to Create Familiar
Forms:
Moving a block to the right past a summing junction
Moving Blocks to Create Familiar
Forms:
Moving a block to the left past a pick off points
Moving Blocks to Create Familiar
Forms:
Moving a block to the right past a pick off points
Example:
Reduce the block diagram to a single transfer
function:
Example:
Reduce the block diagram to a single transfer
function:
Example:
Reduce the block diagram to a single transfer
function:
Signal Flow Graph
Are an alternative to
block diagrams
Branches which
represents system
Nodes which
represent signals
Signal Flow Graph
1. What is 𝑉 𝑠 ?
2. What is 𝐶3 𝑠 ?
Converting Common Block Diagrams
to Signal – Flow Graphs
Converting Common Block Diagrams
to Signal – Flow Graphs
Converting Common Block Diagrams
to Signal – Flow Graphs
Converting Common Block Diagrams
to Signal – Flow Graphs
Mason’s Rule
 Derived by S.J. Mason
𝐶(𝑠) σ𝑘 𝑇𝑘 ∆𝑘
𝐺 𝑠 = =
𝑅(𝑠) ∆
Where:
𝑘 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑝𝑎𝑡ℎ
𝑇𝑘 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑘𝑡ℎ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑝𝑎𝑡ℎ 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛
∆= 1 − ෍ 𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠

+ σ 𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑢𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 − 𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

− σ 𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑢𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 − 𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
+ σ 𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑢𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 − 𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 − ⋯
∆𝑘 = ∆ − ෍ 𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑖𝑛 ∆ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑜𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑘𝑡ℎ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑝𝑎𝑡ℎ

 is formed by eliminating from ∆ those loop gains

that touch the kth forward path
Loop Gain

 The product of branch gains found by traversing

a path that starts at a node and ends at the
same node, following the direction of the signal
flow, without passing through any other node
more than once
Forward – path gain

 The product of gains found by

traversing a path from the input node to
the output node of the signal – flow
graph in the direction of signal flow
Non – touching loops

 Loops that do not have any nodes in

common
Non – touching loop gain

 The product of loop gains from

nontouching loops taken two, three,
four, or more at a time
Find the transfer function using Mason’s Rule.