PRODUCTION OF

PROPYLENE OXIDE
GROUP 25

NAME ID
CHOI YU HUI 1402693
CHUNG PEI SI 1501255
HENG ZENG WEI 1402740
KOH KIM MUN 1302972
YANGEL LIM 1407414
 PROCESS DESCRIPTION

Presented by: HENG ZENG WEI

Process Integration
Presented by Heng Zeng Wei
 PROCESS INTEGRATION

 To maximize heat recovery in the process system, thus reducing the overall
costs of the plant.
 Pinch analysis: 1) Graphical  Composite Curve 2) Numerical method
Problem Table Algorithm
 Both method can be used to acquire pinch point, minimum hot and cold
utilities
 Network design (HEN)

Presented by: HENG ZENG WEI

 COMPOSITE CURVE

Figure 1: Hot stream Lines

Presented by: HENG ZENG WEI

 Figure 2: Shifted Temperature Composite Curve

Presented by: HENG ZENG WEI

 Figure 3: Actual Temperature Composite Curve
Presented by: HENG ZENG WEI
 PROBLEM TABLE ALGORITHM

Presented by: HENG ZENG WEI

 NETWORK DESIGN ANALYSIS (HEN)

Figure 4: Heat Exchnager Network Design

Presented by: HENG ZENG WEI
 LOOP AND PATH ANALYSIS

Figure 5: Loop Identification

Presented by: HENG ZENG WEI
 COSTING

MAIN FINDINGS:
 There is a reduction in total
cost for the process plant
after performing the heat
integration network.
 The saving of energy cost
after reduction of heat
exchanger is slightly lower
than the original heat
exchanger network before
reduction

Presented by: HENG ZENG WEI

Process Control and P&ID
Presented by Chung Pei Si
 Why Do We Need Apply Process Control?
 Steady state operation is assumed throughout the continuous production in HYSYS
simulation.
 Practically, disruption on the operating specifications and offset from the desired
production could happen when disturbances present.

Operating Parameter/
Production
Disturbance

Case 3 Case 1

Offset
Set Value/
Desired Value
Steady State
Case 2
Disruption!!!

t
Presented by Chung Pei Si Time
 Objectives of Process Control

 Safety
 Environment protection
 Equipment protection
 Smooth operation and production rate
 Product Quality
 Monitoring and diagnosis

Presented by Chung Pei Si

 Control Instruments

Hardware Element Symbol Description

Measurement TT Temperature Transmitter

PT Pressure Transmitter

LT Level Transmitter

CT Composition Transmitter

Controller TIC Temperature Indicator Controller

PIC Pressure Indicator Controller

LIC Level Indicator Controller

CIC Composition Indicator Controller

Action

FV Control Valve

Presented by Chung Pei Si

 Examples of Process Control Conducted
Unit Operation Parameter being Controlled

Reaction Zone Level

• Feed lines
• Reactor Pressure

Temperature

Composition

Separation Zones Level

• Distillation column
• Condenser Pressure
• Reboiler
• Reflux drum Temperature

Composition

Presented by Chung Pei Si

Safety
Presented by Yangel Lim
 SAFETY
Severity of the risk

Effectiveness of existing
control measures

Action to be taken to control

the risk

Urgency of the action to be

taken

Presented by: Yangel Lim

 SAFETY
HAZARDS & OPERABILITY (HAZOP) ANALYSIS
To conduct a risk assessment on the system by considering several parameters

Guide
Parameters Deviation
Word

• Flow • No • No Reaction
• Temperature • Less • Lower
• Pressure • More Temperature
• Composition • Reverse • More pressure
• Level • Reverse Flow

Presented by: Yangel Lim

 SAFETY
HAZARDS & OPERABILITY (HAZOP) ANALYSIS

Presented by: Yangel Lim

 SAFETY
HAZARDS & OPERABILITY (HAZOP) ANALYSIS
Project Title: Production of Propylene Oxide
Group No.: Group 25
Date: 06/Mar/2019
Drawing No. and Revision: P-0006 (SHT 1 of 6), Rev. 0
Node No.: 1 Person-in-charged:Yangel Lim
Node Description: Reactor R-100 includes outlet of Cooler E-102 and Cooler E-103
Design Intent: To react and form Propylene Oxide
Design Condition: Design temperature: 115.20 °C (Compressor C-103), 172.50 °C (upstream of C-103) ; Design pressure: 32.45 atm (Compressor C-103), 25 atm
(upstream of C-103)
Operating condition: Design temperature: 105.20 °C (Compressor C-103), 162.50 °C (upstream of C-103) ; Design pressure: 29.5 atm (Compressor C-103), 25.1387 barg
(upstream of C-103)
Devia Party
Item Guide Word Possible Causes Consequences Safeguards Recommendations
tion Responsible
1 1 1 No Flow No 1) Blockage of inlet No reaction occurs. - 1) Perform service and 1) PO
gas stream maintenance before startup and
inlet whenever necessary
flow
Build-up of pressure, possible - 2) Carry out scheduled inspection 2) PO
damage of pipe and lead to
explosion.
Cause danger to workers such - 3) Provide emergency evacuation 3) PO
as dizziness or even death due training
to propylene exposure if
explosion happens.
4) Conduct SOP during emergency 4) PO
8) Install and monitor flow 8) ME & IE
indicator and flow alarm

Presented by: Yangel Lim

 SAFETY
Safety Features
Pressure Safety
Valve, PSV-101
Purpose: To vent off
certain amount of
gas

Trip System: Level,

LAH-112
Purpose: To shut
down the plant for
emergency
Failed to Close
Valve, Failed to Open
FV-101 Valve,
Purpose: To prevent FV-109
more feed from Purpose: To allow
entering the reactor chemicals to flow
out of the reactor
Presented by: Yangel Lim
Sizing and Costing
Presented by Choi Yu Hui
 Reactor Storage Tank Distillation Column Reflux Drum
Diameter 𝑉=
2𝐹𝐿 ∙ 𝜏 1 2𝐹𝐿 ∙ 𝜏
𝜌𝐿 4G 2 V=
Di =
Ad 𝜌𝐿
𝜏 = 5 – 10 min (fUf )π(1 − )ρ 𝜏 = 5 – 10 min
AT G
𝜋𝐷2 𝐿 1 πD2 L
𝑉= V= + 2fHV D3
4 ρL − ρG 2
4
After rearranging, Uf = C
ρG
After rearranging,
𝑉 V
𝐷=∛ C = CSB FST FF FHA
𝜋 D3 =
σ 0.2 1.063π + 2fHV
FST =
20
FF ≈ 1 ≈ FHA = 1 (Non-foaming and
sieved tray)
Length 2.5<
𝐿
<5
𝑁
H = 2( − 1) + 𝐻𝑜 2.5<
𝐿
D
<5
D 𝐸𝑜

Wall • Since the • thickness accounting for the effect of earthquake, 𝑡𝑤 at

diameter is larger bottom is considered.
Thickness than 1.2m, it is a Pd Di PD
tP = tS = + tC
horizontal vessel 2SE − 1.2Pd 2εs S − 1.2P
𝑃𝑑 𝐷𝑖 0.22 Do + 18 L2
𝑡𝑝 = tw =
2𝑆𝐸 − 1.2𝑃𝑑 SDo 2
(t w + t P ) + t p
𝑡𝑠 = 𝑡𝑝 + 𝑡𝑐 tv =
2
t s = t v + 𝑡𝑐
Weight
𝑊 = 𝜋 𝐷𝑖 + 𝑡𝑠 𝐿 + 0.8𝐷𝑖 𝑡𝑠 𝜌
Presented by: CHOI YU HUI
 Design Pressure and Temperature

 Design Pressure:

Operating Pressure Design Pressure (psig)

(psig)
0 < 𝐏𝐨 < 5 𝐏𝐝 =10 psig
10 < 𝐏𝐨 < 1000 𝐏𝐝 = 𝐞𝐱𝐩{𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝟔𝟎𝟖 + 𝟎. 𝟗𝟏𝟔𝟏𝟓 𝐥𝐧 𝐏𝐨 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟓𝟔𝟓𝟓 𝐥𝐧 𝐏𝐨 𝟐

𝐏𝐨 > 1000 𝐏𝐝 =1.1𝐏𝐨

Design Temperature:
T = To + 50ºF

Presented by: CHOI YU HUI

 Summary of Equipment Size
Equipment Inner Length Thickness Weight
Diameter (m) (mm) (kg)
(m)
R-101 2.02 8.08 31.39 15396
V-101 0.46 1.84 9.64 245.48

V-201 0.37 1.48 9.30 160.12

V-301 0.14 0.57 6.40 24.67
V-401 4.34 17.36 6.99 15909
T-201 6.88 31.09 16.34 259548.60
T-301 2.31 28.65 46.50 52328.20
T-401 5.74 59.74 54.46 113265.70
T-501 10.47 45.11 15.37 173729.70
Presented by: CHOI YU HUI
 Costing of Equipment
Reactor Storage Tank / Distillation Column
Reflux Drum
Empty Horizontal Vessel: Vertical Vessel:
Vessel Cost CV CV
= exp{8.9552 + 0.2330 ln W 2
= exp{7.2756 + 0.18255 ln W + 0.02297 ln W }
+ 0.04333 ln W 2 }

Cost for CPL = 2005(D)0.20294 CPL = 300.9 Di 0.63316

L 0.80161

platform
and ladder
Tray CT = NT FNT FTT FTM CBT
Installation -
Cost CBT = 468exp(0.1739Di )
2.25
FNT =
1.0414NT

Purchase CP = FM CV + CPL Cp = FM CV + CPL Cp = FM CV + CPL

cost CPT = CP + CT

Bare I
CBM = F C
Presented by:
module Ib BM PT
CHOI YU HUI Cost
 Bare Module Cost of Equipment
Equipment Cost ($)

Reactor 289,902.08

Storage Tank 490,189.06

Distillation Column 19,433,992

Reflux Drum 511,203.98

Heat Exchanger 1,566,871.66

Pump 77,976.02

Compressor 1,004,525

Valve 9,549.41

Total Bare Module Cost, CBM 23,393,209.21

Presented by: CHOI YU HUI

Mechanical Design
 Heat Exchanger
 Distillation Column

Presented by Koh Kim Mun

Heat Exchanger

Figure 1 Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger (CREST tube, 2016)

Presented by Koh Kim Mun
Calculation Flow Step 1) Nozzle Inner Diameter
ρV 2 ≤ 750
Step 1) Log mean Temperature
1. Tube Total Area Step 1) Tube Pitch
Step 1) Inner Diameter V ≤
∆TLM ρ=
750 ∆T1 − ∆T2
;
∆Td1 o
V =
Q
A
pt = ln( 1.25 )
Di − Db = Shell∆T clearance
2. Tube Dimension
2
∆T1 = Thot,in4𝑄−750 Tcold,out , ∆T2 = Thot,out − Tcold,in
𝜌

Step 2) 𝑑 Shell
≥ Thickness (Find for tube inlet and outlet)
Step 2)𝑖 Number 𝜋 of Tubes
3. Shell Dimension Step 1) 𝐵𝑎𝑓𝑓𝑙𝑒
Step 2) Correction
Step 1) 𝑇𝑢𝑏𝑒
ts = tp +
Surface
Sheet
𝐶𝑢𝑡2) NozzleThickness
Area
2
Corrosion allowance
Factor
of onePtube
Thickness d R = π × do × L
Step
Step 1) Total R +
Weight t p 1=ln[ 1 − SHeat /(1transfer
− RS)] area
*Tube
𝐵𝑎𝑓𝑓𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 sheet
F
Total= thickness
number
=𝑡 𝐷= of tubemust
− Standard
= be greater
dBaffle
SE − 0.6P𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 Clearance
4. Nozzle Dimension
T 𝑖,𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝑤 𝑡 +𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
+ 2 𝑤− S(R Surface
+ + 𝑤 1 − area
R 2
+ of
+ 𝑤 one tube
1)
than tube outside 𝐵𝑎𝑓𝑓𝑙𝑒
𝑠
P 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒
R − d1 𝑐𝑢𝑡= diameter
𝑝
1.1 P
ln = o0.25 𝑃 and
(ASME
𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙
× Total at
rules)
𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒
𝐷𝑖,𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙number of tubes
𝑤 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒 × 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑅 𝑝𝑒𝑟
most𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒 25mm. of𝑏𝑎𝑓𝑓𝑙𝑒
Number
𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 tube per 2=pass
− S(R
𝑡𝑝𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 == 𝑑
+1 0.5+ ×𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟
R𝐷2 + 1)𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡
2 passes
𝑖,𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙
5. Baffle Dimension 𝑤 =T 𝜋(𝑑 − + T𝑡 )(𝐿 + 𝑆𝐸𝑖𝑠−
0.8𝑑 )𝑡 0.6𝑃
𝜌 T − Tcold,in
Step 3) hot,in
𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙 Pipe
InletSchedule
𝑖𝑠 hot,out =Chart
𝑠
Spacing Outlet (New
𝑠
Spacing
𝑑 Inner Diameter)
cold,out
𝑤
Step
R = = suggested
150𝐼𝑏 P
×d5= 1.1 Po (ASME rules)
, S =
*Refer
Step
2)Tto
𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒
3)
𝑇𝑖𝑒 𝑅𝑜𝑑−𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑠
Number
cold,out T of minimum
Tubes
cold,in in CentrewallTthickness
Row
hot,in using
− T𝑑cold,in
Inlet*𝑤 Step
Refering 1) Hydrostatic
𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 ==4the Tie Rod TestStandards,
𝑖,𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒
Spacing
previously 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟
× weight
calculated 𝑜𝑓of𝑁𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒Di . 𝑡𝑜 𝐸𝑛𝑑use
nozzle 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑢𝑛 +
6. Hydrostatic Test the *
Step
Step
Depends
*Nozzle 3)
nominalStandard
and
3) Areashell
on design
flange Pipe
Tubes
of Heat weight
diameter in Schedule
centre
Diexchanger found
= Doto−find 2t the
row (New
=
Db Inner 2
tie
inpressure
Diameter)
rod
ANSI diameter
B16.5 Pipe and
Flanges minimum
Standard. number
pt
Step 2) 𝐵𝑎𝑓𝑓𝑙𝑒 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 Q = UAFT ∆T 1
* Using calculated thickness, Nfind n1 a suitable material
7. Tube Sheet & Tie Rod 𝑃 = 1.5 × 𝑃 LM
of tie rods required.
ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜 𝑑
𝑇𝑢𝑏𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ−(𝐼𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡
D = d Q (
t
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔+𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡
) 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔)
Number of Baffles=
thickness and outerAdiameter b
= 𝐵𝑎𝑓𝑓𝑙𝑒 o
K1to find the new inner
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔
+1
UFT ∆TLM
diameter.
Corrected Baffle Spacing
8. Weight 𝑇𝑢𝑏𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ + 𝐼𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 + 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡 Di = 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔
Do − 2t + 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑎𝑓𝑓𝑙𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
= * Find nozzle rating for𝑜𝑓tube side.− 1
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑎𝑓𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑠
Presented by Koh Kim Mun **Repeat all steps for shell side.
Presented by Koh Kim Mun
Presented by Koh Kim Mun
Distillation Column

Figure 2 Tray Distillation Column (Commons.wikimedia.org, 2019)

Presented by Koh Kim Mun
 Step 1) 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑁𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
Calculation Flow Step 1)
Step
*For
*ASME
𝐼𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟
1)the
𝑇𝑜𝑝case
Steppressure
(D>0.5m) 1)
𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙 with
used
𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝑊𝑎𝑙𝑙a𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
vessel
Schoepentoeter
code
asEllipsoidal
of
𝑜𝑓 inlet
𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 (Horizontal)
device: Head
𝜌𝑚 𝑣 𝑡m,in=≤ 6000𝑑 𝐷
2 𝑃 Pa𝑖𝐷𝑖1
1. Diameter of Column Step 1) 𝐼𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟𝜌𝑚
𝑀𝐺 +𝑀𝐿𝑝 4𝐺
Height
𝐷𝑖== 𝑄 + 𝑄
𝐺 𝐿
of 2𝑆𝐸
Column
𝐴
ℎ−=1.2𝑃
, 𝑣𝑚,𝑖𝑛 =4 𝜋𝑑
2 +𝑄
𝑄 𝐺
𝑑 2𝐿
1
𝑓𝑈𝑓 𝜋𝑁1 − 𝐴𝑑 𝜌𝑔 4

2. Height of Column 𝑃*Nozzle for Gas

𝑑 = exp{0.60608
𝐻𝑖 Outlet:
= 0.91615
+ −𝜌1 ln 𝑇𝛿2 +
𝑣 𝑃 𝐿𝐵 ++3750
𝐿 𝑇 Pa ln 𝑃𝑜 2 }
0.0015655
𝐸𝑜 𝑚
1
𝑜
G,out ≤
Step
*Nozzle 2) for
𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑔 Liquid Outlet:
𝑇𝑑 = 𝑇𝑜 𝑣Length
ent-to-Tangent
*Assume 𝐸𝑜 =1 , 𝛿 = 0.75𝑓𝑡
+m2 50
𝜌𝐿 − 𝜌2,𝑔 𝐿𝐵2 &𝐿 1
°𝐹 m/s
≤ 𝑇 = 5𝑓𝑡
*Max allowable
*Nozzle for Gas 𝑈stress
= 𝐶 at
𝑓 Inlet : 𝜌different
𝑇Τ𝑣𝑇m,in= 𝐻𝑖6000 design
− 2ℎ Patemperature.
3. Ellipsoidal Head Dimension *With calculated
*Nozzle 𝑡𝑝 ,Inlet
𝑚
refer: 𝜌minimum
Step 1) 𝐿𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑚 𝑣 m,in ≤ 6000 Pa
for Liquid 𝜌𝑔 2 ≤
wall thickness with
different
Refer3)vessel
*Step Head
PTS diameter
Thickness
0.1,
31.22.05.11 tostandard
determine
𝐹𝐿𝐺 ≤ for
thenew
0.1 𝑝.
level𝑡diagram,
4. Shell Thickness Step 𝐴𝑑2) 𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
the low =and0.1high
𝐹𝐿𝐺𝑜𝑓 − 𝑁𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒
0.1
+ level pre-alarms
𝑡ℎ ,= 0.1 ≤and
𝑃𝑑 𝐷𝑖
𝐹𝐿𝐺trips
≤ 1.0in the level
Step 2) 𝑃𝑅 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑊𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝐴 𝐵𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 9 𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 2𝑆𝐸 − 0.2𝑃𝑑
𝑡control
= 𝑇 system. 0.2,
0.22(𝐷𝑜 + 𝐹 𝐿𝐺 ≥ 𝑇Τ1.0
2
5. Hydrostatic Pressure 𝑆𝐸 − 0.6 𝑝Pressure
Step 1) Hydrostatic
ts1 = t1 + corrosion 𝑡𝐻 =
𝑃𝐻𝑡𝑤= =allowance
𝑡ℎ + 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
1.5𝑃 𝑆𝐷𝑜2
18)( 𝑇)
𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒.
𝑑
*Corrosion
*If ts1 is lower Allowance
than
𝐶 = 𝐶thickness is𝐹0.125
𝑆𝐵𝐷𝐹𝑜𝑆𝑇= 𝐹𝑖𝐻𝐴in2𝑡 inch.
Minimum
6. Column Weight Step 1) Weight of Column 𝐹𝐷 + 𝑝
Step 1)Thickness
𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 Standard,
𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 choose
1
𝐿)(𝐻𝜌𝑔+20.8𝐷 )𝑡 𝜌 the standard
*To
*Refer 𝑊
Maximum
𝐶𝑆𝐵 =
find thickness. 𝜋(𝐷
𝐷𝐶use 𝐹𝐿𝐺 + 𝑡
𝑖allowable
= 𝑠𝐺 𝜌𝑖 Stress , refer 𝑠Flooding
𝑖 table, using Correlation
Step 3) 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑊𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝐿

7. Material Graph. temperature and pressure.

design
Step 3) 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝜎 0.2
𝑡𝑝 + (𝑡𝑤 + 𝑡𝑝 )
𝑡𝑣 = 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒
*To find
Step 𝑆𝑇 use
𝐹𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙
2)OD 𝐹 =𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 2
= ID +𝑆𝑇𝑜𝑓
2 𝑋 20 𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
8. Nozzle *To find *Use
*Refer ANSI
Step
𝐹𝐹 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹𝐻𝐴 ,Pressure
B16.5
minimum
4) 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒
Depends
nozzle
𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙
on Type of System and Tray
– Temperature
𝑊𝑎𝑙𝑙 diameter
𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠to find
used.
Ratings.recommended 𝑡𝑠 =nozzle inner diameter,
𝑡𝑣 + 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 wall
Presented by Koh Kim Mun thickness, and nozzle outer diameter.
Presented by Koh Kim Mun
Presented by Koh Kim Mun
Economics Analysis
Presented by Choi Yu Hui
 Cash Flow Analysis
350

300

250
CASH FLOW IN MILLION US DOLLAR

200

150

100

50

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
-50

-100

-150
YEAR

Presented by: CHOI YU HUI

 Rate of Return and Pay Back Period
Net Annual Profit After Tax
= × 100%
Rate of Return Total Capital Investment

2,503,263.61
= × 100%
61,348,480.62
= 4.08%

Total Depreciation Capital

=
Payback Period Net Annual Profit After Tax + Depreciation

6,148,788.08
=
2,503,263.61 + 491,903.05
= 2.05years

Presented by: CHOI YU HUI

Reference

 Commons.wikimedia.org. (2019). File:Tray Distillation Tower EN.svg -

Wikimedia Commons. [online] Available at:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tray_Distillation_Tower_EN.svg
[Accessed 14 Apr. 2019].
 CREST tube(English). (2016). Heat Exchanger Tube | High-Pressure
Applications. [online] Available at: http://www.wsgcrest.com/heat-
exchanger-tube-heavy-industries/ [Accessed 13 Apr. 2019].