A overview of an Oil Tanker

from new building to operation

 Oil tankers-General
 Oil tankers are designed for bulk transport of oil.

 There are two basic types of oil tankers: the crude

tanker and the product tanker.

 Crude tankers move large quantities of unrefined crude

oil from its point of extraction to refineries.

 Product tankers are designed to move petro-chemicals

from refineries to points near consuming markets.

 Oil tankers are often classified by their size as well as

their occupation.
Oil Tanker Size categories

Tonnage - Dwt
 Seawaymax-10,000-60,000
 Panamax - 60,000-80,000

 Aframax -80,000-120,000
 Suezmax -130,000-160,000

 VLCC -200,000-320,000
 ULCC -over 320,000
Oil Tanker (side view)
 Hull designs

 A tanker with a single outer shell is said to be

single-hulled tanker.

 A double hull is a design where the bottom and

sides of the ship have two complete layers of
watertight hull surface.

 All new tankers are double hulled.

 All single-hulled tankers around the world are

already phased out in year 2015.
 Construction

Tankers are constructed in various stages.

 Stage 1- Construction of blocks.

 Stage 2- Blocks are put together in a dock.

 Stage 3 -Completed hull is then floated to

carry out remaining outfitting works.
Different Stages of Construction
Structural Components of Single hull
Tanker
Structural Components of Double hull
Tanker
CARGO PUMPS
 Why do we need Cargo pumps ?

1. To discharge the cargo loaded on board.

2. To transfer cargo ( for commingling , for stability

reasons in cases of emergencies , etc.)

3. To strip cargo tanks.

4. To wash cargo tanks in order to prepare the ship for

receiving the next grade of cargo.

5. To heat cargo if ship fitted with Heat Exchanger.

THE PUMPS ARE THE HEART AND SOUL OF SHIPS BECAUSE THEY
DELIVER THE CARGO OF THE CUSTOMERS AS WARRANTED BY THE
OWNERS AND THEREBY PROVIDING REVENUE FOR THE OWNERS
 Pump-General

 A pump is a device used to move gases, liquids or

slurries.

 Pumps work by using mechanical forces to push the

material.

 Pumps fall into two major groups: rotodynamic

pumps and positive displacement pumps. Their
names describe the method for moving a fluid.
 Rotodynamic pumps

 These are pumps with bladed impellers which

rotate within the fluid to impart acceleration to
the fluid.

 Example: Centrifugal Pumps

 Centrifugal Pumps -The fluid enters the pump

impeller and is accelerated by the impeller
flowing outwards and exits into the piping
system.
Centrifugal Pump
 Positive displacement pumps

 A positive displacement pump causes a liquid or

gas to move by trapping a fixed amount of fluid
and then forcing (displacing) that trapped volume
into the discharge pipe.

 The Fluid Displacement results in a direct

increase in pressure.

 A positive displacement pump can be further

classified as either:
- reciprocating pump,
- rotary-type (for example the rotary vane).
 Positive Displacement Pump

Positive Displacement pumps mechanically displace a known volume of liquid so

that the pumps, running at a constant speed, positively displace a liquid volume
at a fixed rate.

These pumps can be subdivided into two main categories;

reciprocating pumps and
rotary pumps.

Within the two main categories, the pumps may operate by means of various
pumping techniques.
 Positive Displacement Pump - Reciprocating pumps

There are a big variety of Reciprocating pumps, the most common in use on board are:

Piston Pump
A positive displacement pump that use movement of
outlet the piston in one direction to open suction valve and
fill up the chamber with liquid and in another
direction to close suction valve and open delivery
valve and push out the liquid from the chamber.

outlet

inlet

Diaphragm pump

A positive displacement pump that uses a

combination of the reciprocating action of
a rubber or teflon diaphragm and suitable
inlet
non-return check valves to pump a fluid
 Positive Displacement Pump- Rotary Type

GEAR - Fluid is carried between gear

teeth and is expelled by the meshing of
the gears that cooperate to provide
continuous sealing between the pump
inlet and outlet.

inlet

outlet

Only a few thousandths of an inch clearance exists between the case

and the gear faces and teeth extremities. Any liquid that fills the space
bounded by two successive gear teeth and the case must follow along with
the teeth as they revolve.
 FRAMO PUMPS
F R A M O - Frank Mohn (1916-2001)
The company was founded in 1938 by Frank Mohn and is located outside Bergen in
Western Norway. Currently the company is run by his son, Trond Mohn.
Company produces hydraulically driven submerged cargo pumps.
First tanker vessel to be installed with submerged pumps was in 1969
 FRAMO Pump - Layout
Cargo Tank Discharge Line
Deck Heat Exchanger

Recirculation
or Drop Line

Submersible centrifugal FRAMO

Pump
FRAMO Pump - Operation
LINE ARRANGEMENTS
 Why do we need Cargo/Ballast Lines ?

1. To Load/Discharge Cargo to or from Ships Cargo

Oil Tanks.

2. To transfer cargo within Ships Cargo oil Tanks.

3. To strip Cargo Oil tanks.

4. To Ballast/ De-ballast Water Ballast Tanks.

5. To Crude Oil Wash Cargo Oil Tanks.

6. To heat Cargo if ship fitted with Heat Exchangers.

CARGO PIPELINES FORM AN ESSENTIAL PART OF THE SHIPS CARGO
PUMPING SYSTEM.
 Pipeline arrangement on Main Deck of a
Double Hull Tanker

LOADING-CARGO FROM MANIFOLDS TO CARGO TANKS THROUGH DROP LINES

DISCHARGE-CARGO FROM TANKS TO PUMPS AND FROM PUMPS TO MANIFOLD AND THEN TO SHORE TANKS

CARGO LINES

INERT GAS LINE

STEAM LINES

FIRE/FOAM LINES
Vessel berthing at an Oil Terminal

Vessel’s Manifolds for Loading / Discharging

Arms used for Loading / Discharging

CONVENTIONAL PIPELINE ARRANGEMENT

CARGO MANIFOLDS

CARGO OIL P/Ps

 Pipelines Arrangement for Loading

Loading of Cargo: Loaded through Manifolds

to Drop lines and to Cargo Tanks.
MANIFOLDS

DECK MAIN CARGO LINES

CARGO FLOW

DROP LINES FROM

MAIN DECK LINES
TO CARGO TANKS

MANIFOLDS
CARGO OIL TANKS
 Pipeline Arrangement for Discharging
 Discharging of Cargo: From Cargo Tanks Pumps
Cargo Risers Manifolds Shore Tanks.
CARGO DISCHARGE FROM PUMP TO DISCHARGE LINE ON MAIN DECK, MANIFOLS AND THEN SHORE TANKS
 PIPELINE ARRANGEMENT FOR CARGO/BALLAST
TANKS ON DOUBLE HULL TANKER

BALLAST TANK BALLAST TANK

CARGO TANK CARGO TANK

CARGO PIPELINES

BALLAST TANK BALLAST TANK

DOUBLE BOTTOM DOUBLE BOTTOM
AREA AREA