Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Research Methods
William G. Zikmund
Chapter 6:
Problem Definition and the
Research Proposal
Problem Discovery Problem Selection of
and Definition discovery exploratory research
technique
Sampling
Selection of
exploratory research
technique Probability Nonprobability
Secondary
Experience Pilot Case Collection of
(historical) Data
survey study study data
data Gathering
(fieldwork)
Data
Editing and
Problem definition Processing
coding
(statement of and
Analysis data
research objectives)
Data
Selection of processing
Research Design basic research
method Conclusions
Interpretation
and Report
of
findings
Experiment Survey
Secondary
Laboratory Field Interview Questionnaire Observation
Data Study Report
Uncertainty Influences the Type
of Research
• First step
• Problem, opportunity, or monitor operations
• Discovery before definition
• Problem means management problem
“The formulation of the problem
is often more essential than its
solution.”
Albert Einstein
Problem Definition
Analysis of
the Situation
Exploratory
Research
(Optional)
Problem Definition
Statement of
Research Objectives
The Process of
Problem Definition
Ascertain the Determine unit of
decision maker’s analysis
objectives
Understand Determine
background of relevant variables
the problem
9
The Iceberg Principle
11
Isolate and Identify the Problems,
Not the Symptoms
• Symptoms can be confusing
12
Symptoms Can Be Confusing
Twenty-year-old neighborhood swimming
association:
• Membership has been declining for years.
• New water park -residents prefer the
expensive water park????
• Demographic changes: Children have
grown up
Problem Definition
Organization Symptoms Based on Symptom True Problem
15
Determine the Relevant Variable
• Anything that may assume different
numerical values
16
Types of Variables
• Categorical
• Continuous
• Dependent
• Independent
Hypothesis
• An unproven proposition
• A possible solution to a problem
• Guess
State the research questions and
research objectives
19
If you do not know where you are going,
any road will take you there.
Broad Statement of Exploratory
research business research
objectives problem (optional)
Research
Results
Design
The Process of
Problem Definition
Ascertain the Determine unit of
decision maker’s analysis
objectives
Understand Determine
background of relevant variables
the problem