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DEFINITION
(1)The basic question tackled here is 'How am I
going to find out the answers?’
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REMEMBER
(1) there are constraints of time, cost, access
and ability amongst others but these need
not demean the work providing academic
integrity is maintained by acknowledgement
of the limitations.
(2) More than one methodology may be used
with areas of overlap.
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METHODS
Action research: sometimes called 'participative’
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METHODS
Action research: sometimes called 'participative’
Example:
A hospital ward sister and staff investigating the
effects of organisational changes on patient
welfare and recovery rates over a three-year
period, making changes to systems at regular
intervals and modifying after each intervention.
The sheer practical difficulties of such a project are
immediately apparent.
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METHODS
Surveys
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METHODS
Surveys
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METHODS
Surveys
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METHODS
Surveys
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METHODS
Case study
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METHODS
Ethnographic research
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METHODS
Ethnographic research
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METHODS
Historical research
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METHODS
Historical research
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METHODS
Corellational research
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METHODS
Evaluative research
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SAMPLING
Definition
𝑧 2 𝑝𝑞
𝑛𝑜 = 2
𝑒
e = desired level of precision
p = proportion of the population which has the
attribute question
q = 1 –p
z = z-value from z table
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SAMPLING
Example
Suppose we are doing a study on the inhabitants
of a large town, and want to find out how many
households serve breakfast in the mornings
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SAMPLING
Example
1. We don’t have much information on the
subject to begin with, so we’re going to assume
that half of the families serve breakfast. p =50%
2. We want a 5% precision. LOC= 95%, hence z=
1.96
𝑧 2 𝑝𝑞 1.96 2 (0.5)(1−0.5)
𝑛𝑜 = = = 385
𝑒2 0.052
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