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 1959: Concept of mixing different methods by Campbell & Fiske.

(Psychologists)

 1973: Combined the Qualitative & Quantitative data by S.D. Sieber.


 1979: Converging or different Qualitative & Quantitative data
sources by Jick.

 1989-2003: Expanded procedures for Mixed methods By Tashakkori


& Teddli and then Creswell.

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 Quantitative data can reveal generalizable information for a large
group of people

› These data often fail to provide specific answers, reasons,


explanations or examples

 Qualitative research provides data about meaning and context


regarding the people and environments of study

› Findings are often not generalizable because of the small


numbers & narrow range of participants

 Both methods have strengths and weaknesses


› When used together, these methods can be complimentary

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Quantitative, Qualitative and Mixed Methods
Quantitative Qualitative Mixed Methods
research Methods research Methods Research
Methods

Descriptive • Narratives 1. Convergent


Correlational •Phenomenology Parallel
Quasi-experimental •Ethnography 2. Sequential
Explanatory
Experimental •Grounded theory 3. Sequential
•Case Studies Exploratory
4. Embedded /
Nested

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Quantitative Data Qualitative Data

Questionnaire, Survey, Census, Interviews, Observations, Focused


Attendance Record, Checklist Group Discussion, Documents
Studies, Case Study, Audio-visual
materials

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1. Collects both quantitative and
qualitative data
2. Mixes them
3. Mixes them at the same time
(concurrently) or one after the other
(sequentially)
4. Emphasizes both equally or equally

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1. When we have both quantitative and qualitative
data
2. When one type of research is not enough to
explain or to answer the question
3. When we want qualitative research to help explain
quantitative findings
4. When we want to generalize findings to a large
population
5. When we want to provide alternative perspectives
in a study

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Can be easy to describe and to report 
Can be useful when unexpected results 
arise from a prior study
Can help to generalize qualitative data 
Helpful in designing and validating an 
instrument

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Time required 
Discrepancies between different types of 
data
Can be difficult to decide when to 
proceed in sequential designs

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IDENTICAL  IDENTICAL 
CONCURRENT SEQUENTIAL
Quantitative and  Quantitative and 
qualitative data are qualitative data are
collected from same collected from same
people at people in stages
approximately the
same time

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PARALLEL  PARALLEL 
CONCURRENT SEQUENTIAL
Separate  Separate 
quantitative and quantitative and
qualitative samples qualitative samples
are selected from are selected from
the same population the same population
and data are and data are
collected at collected from these
approximately the two samples in
same time stages
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NESTED  NESTED SEQUENTIAL 
CONCURRENT Participants selected 
Participants selected  from one phase are
from one phase are subset of the
subset of the participants selected
participants selected for the other phase
for the other phase and data are
and data are collected from these
collected at samples in stages
approximately the
same time
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MULTI LEVEL  MULTI LEVEL 
CONCURRENT SEQUENTIAL
Quantitative and  Quantitative and 
qualitative samples qualitative samples
are selected from are selected from
different levels of a different levels of a
population and data population and data
are collected at are collected from
approximately the these two samples in
same time stages

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Elham Ahmadnezhad. Mixed Methods 4/29/2019 15

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