liberalism

Scholars
• Emmanuel Kant,
• John Lock. (17th Century)
• Woodrow Wilson
• Richard Cobden
• John Hobson
• Norman Angell
• Alfred Zammerin
• Jeremy Bentham (18th Century)
 Concepts
Liberalism Realism
• Cooperation • Anarchy
• Peace • Security Dilemma,
• Democratic peace theory • Violence,
• Power,
• Institutionalism
• Balance of Power,
• Integration
• National Interest,
• Internationalism
• Wars,
• Global Governance • Military security Studies,
• Transnational actors • Polarity
• Pluralism • Zero Sum Game
• Win-win game
• Modernization(industrial rev)
• Cobweb Model
 Concepts
Liberalism Realism
• Military and security/ Defence
• Mutual interest as high politics, real politics,
• International Law • Economic and social relations
as low politics
• Economic, social and
environmental issues also
matters
 Comparison
Liberalism Realism
• Positive view of human nature • Negative view of human nature,
 Comparison
Liberalism Realism
• Positive view of human nature • Negative view of human nature,

• Optimistic view of human • Pessimistic view of human nature,

nature,
 Comparison
Liberalism Realism
• Positive view of human nature • Negative view of human nature,

• Optimistic view of human • Pessimistic view of human nature,

nature,
• International relations is • International Relations is
cooperative. Conflictual, violent.
 Comparison
Liberalism Realism
• Positive view of human nature • Negative view of human nature,

• Optimistic view of human • Pessimistic view of human nature,

nature,
• International relations is • International Relations is
cooperative. Conflictual, violent.
• great faith on Human reason • No faith on human reason
 Comparison
Liberalism Realism
• Positive view of human nature • Negative view of human nature,

• Optimistic view of human • Pessimistic view of human nature,

nature,
• International relations is • International Relations is
cooperative. Conflictual, violent.
• great faith on Human reason • No faith on human reason

• Great role if International • No significance of International

Organizations Organizations.
 Comparison
Liberalism
• Positive view of human nature
• Optimistic view of human
nature,
• International relations is
corporative.
• great faith on Human reason
• Great role if International
Organizations
• View IR as relations between
national governments as well
as other transnational actors
Realism
• Negative view of human nature,
• Pessimistic view of human nature,
• International Relations is
Conflictual, violent.
• No faith on human reason
• No significance of International
Organizations.
• View IR as relation between
National Governments
exclusively(only).
 Assumptions
• Surge after WWI & WWII& post Cold WAR,

• Human nature is Positive and optimistic, cooperative.

• Human nature is in progress(belief in Progress);
scientifically technologically, socially, Politically,

• Human reason can overtake his fear and lust for power,

• Industrial Revolution between 1780- 1850 changed man

from Farmer-Shepherd to Manipulator of Machines
 Four Strands
I. Sociological Liberalism

II.Interdependence Liberalism

III.Institutional Liberalism

IV.Republican liberalism
 I. Sociological Liberalism
(James Rosenu, Karl Deutch, John Burton)
• Realist; IR is the study of relations between National
Governments (Exclusively)
• Meetings of Head of the states, Foreign Ministers or
Foreign Secretaries etc
 I. Sociological Liberalism
(James Rosenu, Karl Deutch, John Burton)
• Realist; IR is the study of relations between National
Governments (Exclusively)
• Meetings of Head of the states, Foreign Ministers or
Foreign Secretaries etc

• Liberalist say NO……

• Liberalist; Reject it, too narrowly focused......
• IR is relations of Governments + transnational actors.
 Transnational actors?

• People to People relations; (greater mobility of Persons,

social communications)
• Different groups,
• Organizations,
• International Organizations (IOs);
United Nations, WTO, IMF, World Bank, Asian Development
Bank,
• International non Government Organizations(INGOs);
Amnesty international,
• Multinational Corporations (MNCs);
Coca-Cola, Pepsi, Macdonald, Nestle, Samsung, Ali Baba etc
• “Cobweb model”(John Burton)
 Transnational actors

• increasingly important aspect of International Relations

• Relations between people are more cooperative,
• More supportive of Peace as compare to governments
 II. Interdependence Liberalism
What is Interdependence?

A situation in which two states are

simultaneously dependent on each other.

• Mutual dependence
 Interdependence Liberalism

(Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye)

• People and governments effected by what happens in other
countries.
• Modernization has increased interdependence,
• Welfare, not the security is dominant goal (National
Interest) of the state.
• Countries should engage in trade to achieve welfare
• Trade make them mutually dependent on one another ,
• interdependence creates friendly relationship
between states.
• increased interdependence between countries
reduces the chance of engaging in conflict.
 iii. Liberal Institutionalism
(Woodrow Wilson)

• International Institutions
• Transform Intl. Relation from a jungle to a Zoo.
• Regulated and Peaceful intercourse.
• Transformation through International Organizations,
• IOs can be Universal (UN, WTO, WB, IHRC, OPEC )
• or Regional (EU, SAARC, ASEAN, GCC, ECO, SCO,
NAFTA, NATO, AU, AL, ANZUS, SEATO, CENTO, OAS)
• Promotes cooperation between states
• Provide a platform for negotiation,
• Fill the vacuum in international arena,
• Based on mutually advantageous rule
• Enhance the ability of governments to monitor
others
 IV. Republican liberalism

• Democratic peace theory

• Democracies are more peaceful and law abiding
than other political systems.
• Democracies do not fight to each other.
• Democracies almost never fight to each other.
Why?
 Why?
• Existence of domestic political culture based on conflict
resolution.
• Democracy encourages peaceful international relations,
• Democratic governments are controlled by their citizens,
• Free communication promotes mutual understandings
internationally, (North Korea)
• Check and balance act as a brake
• Compared to autocratic governments.
• But Democracies have gone to wars,
• What about Invasion on Iraq and Afghanistan?
• Democratic institution can make the cooperation difficult
too.
• US; League of Nation
• Pressure for tariff,
• Brexit
Aur Bus…