TOWN PLANNING

Introduction to Town Planning

What is Planning….
• It is a process of organizing, people and their
activities over space and time considering resources
and technology to achieve development.

TECHNOLOG PEOPLE
Y

RESOURC
ACTIVITIE
E
S

TIME
TIM SPACE
E
What is Town Planning….
• Physical, Social and Economic
planning of an urban Urban
Designer
environment
• It encompasses many different
disciplines and brings them all Urban Landscape
Architec
under a single umbrella. t Planner Architect
• The simplest definition of urban
planning is that it is the Civil
organization of all elements of a Engineer
town or other urban environment.
What is Town Planning….
An art of shaping and
guiding the physical growth
of the town creating
buildings and environments
to meet the various needs Well Balanced Social & Economic
such as social, cultural, Development
economic and
Improvement of Life Quality
recreational etc. and to
provide healthy conditions Responsible administration of Resources
for both rich and poor to & environment Protection
live, to work, and to play or
relax, thus bringing about Rational Use of Land

the social and economic

well-being for the majority
of mankind.
 INTEGRATION OF TIME AND PLANNING
PROCESS
PLANNING PROCESS
LONG
TERM Survey &
PLAN Plan
Analysis Review

SHORT
TERM Plan Plan
PLAN Preparatio Monitoring
n

ANNUAL Plan
PLAN Plan
Approval Implementati
on
 Vision for a City
Safe
Clean, Green and Usable
Well Connected
Democratic &
Transparent
Civic Pride : Integrate
Heritage & Cultural
Spaces in our Daily Life
Factors in Shaping Present Day Towns
 Geographical Factors
 Earthquake and Floods
 Land Characteristics, its
fertility
 Availability of water
 Climatic Conditions
 Resources
 Economic Factors
 Industry
 Trade and Commerce
 Agriculture
 Political Factors
 Administration
 Defense Considerations
 Socio Cultural Aspects
 Castes and Creed
 Social Grouping
 Cultural Pattern
 Spirituality
 Technological Aspects
 Influence in Industrial production
 Building and Construction Works
 Transportation within the settlement
and beyond
 Utilities and Services
Planning Objectives
• To Improve Public health
• To Increase the Supply of Working Class Housing
• To balance Competing Interest in the use of land to
ensure overall outcome that is in public interest.
• To minimize the adverse neighborhood effects
created by market in land and development
• To Ensure Provision of Public Goods including
Infrastructure or Actions that create positive
Neighborhood effects
Planning Objectives
• To Contribute to the co-
ordination of resources and
developing in the interest of
overall efficiency of Land Use
• Public Participation
• Good Environment
Urban Area – Census* of India
• all places with a municipality, corporation,
cantonment board or notified town area committee;
• all other places which has features as
▫ a minimum population of 5000;
▫ at least 75% of the male working population engaged in
nonagricultural pursuits and
▫ a density of population of at least 400 persons per sq. km.
and predominantly urban way of life (urbanism)
• Apart from urban area & urban agglomeration
rest is considered as Rural Area.
*Census is the biggest and the only source of information on
size and distribution of population and its growth trends
across all geographical and administrative units
History of Human Settlement
EVOLUTION OF HUMAN SETTLEMENT
 Evolution of Various Shapes of
Settlement
• Rectilinear plotting
in Town-Derived from
the logic of Plough, as
there was a need for
easy division of Land
▫ Used in Greek Towns,
Roman Colonial
Outposts and in
Indian, Chinese, Pre
Columbian Cities.
 Evolution of Various Shapes of
Settlement
• Circular Form of
Settlement: Originally
,this form was a product
of the Herdsman Circle
was an ideal form for
fencing in the cattle
▫ The Circular town layout
was a defensive one.
▫ Radio Centric Layout
:Derived from Circular
involves Radial Routes
Early Civilization
Early Civilizations
• Physical safety and
Communication Links are two
important and Prime factors
that lead to development of
Towns
• Politically, Kings and Rulers
and the Priests dominated the
History of Civilization.
• Earliest civilizations have
sprung up on the banks of
some navigable rivers
(Euphrates and Tigris , Nile,
Ganga , Sindhu ,Yamuna,
Yang-tse-kiang) or at any
natural ports.
Sumerian Cities
Sumerian Cities
 12000 BC to 3000 BC
 Protective and Compact in
form
 Horizontal Development
which adopted
 Central Market Places
surrounded by Residences
all around
 Symmetrical Development
with river as the Central Axis
 Transportation by Water
 Timber Construction
 Skyline Dominated by
Ziggurats (8Story High)
City of UR
City of Babylon
Egyptian Cities
Egyptian Cities
 Cities Grew on only one side of
River Nile
 People’s Life were dedicated to
Pharaoh
 Towns were built mainly for slaves
and Artisans for making Pyramids
 Courtyard Planning
 Buildings out of Sun dried Bricks
 Narrow Lanes served as Open
Drains and Walkways
 Surrounding walls for safety
against Floods
 Egyptians made Great Temples
 Cities had Monumental Avenues
 Colossal Temple Plazas
 Rock cut Tombs
City of El- Kahun
 Mulguf System
 A ventilating system known
as MULGUF was used on the
roofs. In this system warm
air is passed through a wind
cather placed at the roof to
the basement which was
filled with water.
 The air passing through this
water got humidified and
then this was passed through
the perforated flooring of the
ground floor to make rooms
cool.
 The wind cather was made
rotating to catch the
changing direction of wind.
 This system is still seen in
some parts of Iran where it is
known as BADGIR
Greek Cities
 Characteristics of Greek Cities
 Unpaved Lanes
 No drainage and
sanitation system
 Water available from
Local Wells
 Wastes were disposed off
on the streets
 No Palaces
 Rooms with windowless
facades
 Later in 500 BC,
Hippodamus from
Miletus introduced
theory of Grid Iron
Pattern of Road Layout
Greek :Principles of Town Planning
• Market Should be on Periphery , for easy transport of goods
• Grid Iron Pattern of Roads
• Arrangement of Roads to be such that it gave access to houses and
lead to community areas but no interference with assembly of
people in central area
• Size of city and population governed by
▫ Food and Water Supply
▫ Means of Transportation
▫ Tools For Cultivation
▫ Method of Distribution of water
 Greek :Principles of Town Planning
• First Conscious attempt towards
town Planning Hippodamus (5th
Century B.C)
• A town Divided into-Gods/Temple
, Administration & Dwellings
 Three Classes of People :
Craftsmen, Workers & Soldiers
 Towns were designed based on :
Hygiene, Defense, Circulation &
Temples were built on Acropolis
• Temple Considered as the heart of
the town and meeting place near
temple
▫ Assembly Hall
▫ Council Chamber
▫ Council Hall
▫ Agora
▫ Agora Square
 Peninsular
Site
Chessboa
rd
Miletus Planning

(700-500 B.C.) Commun

ity E
A: Market Place (Agora) Zone F
B: Council Hall C

1700m
C: Council Chamber D B
H G
D: Store A

t
E: Port
Planne
F: Theater
d
G: Stadium Agora
H: Temple

1000
mt
Miletus
• A market Place – AGORA, situated in the City Center
▫ Faced by Assembly Hall, Council Hall and Council
Chamber (PRYTANEUM)
• These cities followed some bye-laws
▫ Restriction on projection on first floor.
▫ Sanitation was given importance.
Athens
 The main city Athens had population of 40,000
 Other cities – 10000 to 5000
 Climate was the guiding factor for orientation of
buildings
 Rooms faced Southern Private Courtyards
 North Walls were punctured with small windows
Ancient Greece
• Many Greek sites were so mountainous that
symmetry was impossible, but principle of
balance succeeds.
▫ Individual buildings were completely
symmetrical
▫ Absence of axiality in street plans.
▫ A new Form of Political organization
emerged-Democracy
▫ Greeks had the sense of the finite, i.e. a
definite size of all things, to be
comprehensible and workable
▫ Aristotle-Ideal City Size (10,000-20,000)
 Greek :Principles of Town Planning
• Hippodamus
▫ Introduced the Principle
of Straight Wide Streets
▫ Combining Different
Parts of a town to form a
harmonies whole
Centered around a
market place
▫ Picturesque grouping of
public buildings
 Regional Routes
Reasoned

Selinus Regularity
Probably another
commercial Area
( expanding city
with expanding
commercials
activities)
Central Spine and
two cross roads.
Temple & Agora
located Centrally
Special Attention to
Public Buildings
Courtyard Planning
For Houses
Peninsular ( High
Level Plateau)
 Regional Routes
 Reasoned Regularity
 Probably another
commercial Area (
expanding city with
expanding commercials
activities)
 Central Spine and two cross
roads.
 Temple & Agora located
Centrally
 Special Attention to Public
Buildings
 Courtyard Planning For
Houses
 Peninsular ( High Level
Plateau)
Roman Cities
Roman :Principles of Town Planning
• Period from 6th Century BC to 5th Century AD
• They used to recognize their Towns based on
three occasions
▫ when Town became Colonial Center, Local capital
or an Imperial Residence
• They developed Water Supply system, Drainage
System, etc
• Water made available from far away places by
the means of aqueducts
• Public Buildings like Baths were more developed
Considerations : laying of Towns
• Religious
▫ Performed religious activities
within and outside the city walls
▫ Two Cross Roads –
DECUMANUS – running East-
West and CARDO – running
North-West
▫ Main Road known as CARDO
MAXIMUS
▫ Road Layout is known as
CENTURATIO System
▫ FORUM was developed at the
crossing of the main Roads.
▫ The rest of the Town to be
divided into square or
rectangular Plots of one side as
120’
Considerations : laying of Towns
• Defense Requirements
▫ A defense wall To perform Military Parades
with ease, straight roads to avoid Curvatures
▫ Width of Roads were kept 8’ (2.4 Mts) wide
• Technical Considerations
▫ Building setbacks – 2’6” (0.76 Mts)
▫ Importance given to Drainage and Water
Supply
▫ Concrete and Stone Construction with few
specific buildings with Bricks
Towns were divided into Three Categories
• COLLONIA
▫ High ranking Cities having hierarchy of Plots for
people having various social status
• OPPIDIA
▫ Towns conquered from others
• CASTRUM
▫ Military Camp Towns
 TIMGAD

Public
Buildin
g
Greek Vs Romans
Greeks Romans
Motivated by sense of finite, in Motivated by political power
there Towns and organization

The proportions and sizes in Used a set Proportions that

Greek Architecture based on
Human Scale
would relate the various parts of
a building to each other but not
necessarily to human measure
The Basic Dimension was Called
“Module”

The urban ‘ Module’ of Greeks The basic pattern of the town

was a house was decided by the street
layouts
NEO-CLASSIC OR RENAISSANCE
PERIOD
Renaissance
• Started in mid 14th C and lasted upto 17th C
• In this period the medieval cities disintegrated
into smaller parts and reduced the contact
between one country and another.
• Towns had few hundred to 500,000 people.
• Physical size restricted-by girth of fortification.
• Towns were build in one day walking distance i.e.
20-30 miles
• No system of sewagw disposal and waste was
disposed on streets
Medieval Cities
BAROQUE CITY
ANCIENT SYSTEM OF TOWN
PLANNING IN INDIA
TOWN PLANNING IN INDIA
• Town planning is not new idea or science in India.
• It is as old as its rich culture and tradition.
• Following are the development stages of town planning in
India.
– Ancient India
• • Indus Valley civilization
• • Vedic Period
• • Buddhist Period
– Medieval Period (up to 14th century)
– Mughal Period (1526 to 1707 A.D.)
– Pre-independence or British Period (till 1947)
– Post Independence Period.
 Prehistoric
• Long before the arrival of Aryans
the region had settlement of the
aboriginals.
• The earliest remains i.e., terracotta
cakes, steatite and faience beads.
Kiln-burn-bricks, a furnaces,
animals figurines, inscribed pots, a
broken blade of bronze or copper
have been found at Pengore and
Sewar.
• These antiquities are believed to
have belong to the Harappan phase
of Indus valley culture and point to
the sites having being a station of
that culture in region
• INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
▫ MOHENJADORO
▫ HARAPPA
• EXTRACTS FROM CHANAKYA’S
ARTHASASTRA
 8 TOWN PLANNING CONCEPTS
• PLANNING CONCEPTS BEHIND
▫ – FATEHPUR SIKHRI
▫ – SHAHJAHANABAD
▫ – JAIPUR
▫ – DELHI
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
• Also referred to as Harappan civilization & Harappa
Saraswathi Sindhu civilization
• Between Indus river and the Ghaggar Mohenjodaro
Hakra river[Pakistan and NorthWestern India]

Source: http://deshgujarat.com/
 TOWN PLANNING CONCEPT
• Sophisticated & advanced urban
culture
• Streets in perfect grid patterns in both
Mohenjodoro & Harappa
• World’s world s first sanitation
system
• Individual wells and separate covered
drains along the streets for waste
water
• Houses opened to inner courtyards &
smaller lanes
• Impressive dockyards, graneries,
warehouses, brick platforms &
protective walls
• Massive citadels protected the city
from floods & attackers
• City dwellers – traders & artisans
• All the houses had access to water &
drainage facilities
DEVELOPMENT OF CITIES
• Cities grew of earlier villages out that existed in
the same locality for < 100 yrs
• Grew in size & density and surrounded by
numerous towns & villages
• Cities interlinked by trade & economic activities,
religious beliefs, social relations, etc
• Vast agricultural lands, rivers & forests by
pastoral communities , fisher folk and hunters
surrounded each city
DEVELOPMENT OF CITIES
• CLASSIFICATION OF TOWNS
▫ Small villages / hamlets – 0 – 10 hectares
▫ Large towns – 10‐ 50 hectares
▫ Cities – 50 hectares
MOHENJODARO
• No fortification
• Major streets in
north south direction
• Intersection at right
angles
• Streets within built
up areas were narrow
• Distinct zoning for
different groups
SETTLEMENT DIVISION
 The religious, Institutional
and Cultural areas around
Monastery and Great Bath in
the Western Part including
the Temple
 The Northern part was for
the production of agriculture
and industries
 The Southern part for
Administration, Trade and
Commerce
• 23000 population
• 150 hectares
• Earliest city may have been formed during the kot
diji phase, i.e., 2800‐ 2500 BC
• Earliest city covered an area of 25 ha.
• It became a centre for trade networks extending
from Baluchistan and Afghanistan to the west of
the seacoast in the south.
• Towns built over raised mud brick platforms
 TOWN PLANNING : CONCEPTS

• Citadel mound and lower town surrounded by a massive brick wall.

• Citadel had square towers and bastions.
• Large open areas inside the gateway may have been used as a market or checkpoint for
taxing goods coming into the city
• Outside the city walls a cluster of houses may represent temporary rest stops for
travelers and caravans
• No division of the society is reflected in the layout of the city. Since large public
buildings, market areas, large and small houses as well as craft workshops have been
found in the same neighborhood.
• Barrack‐like group of single‐roomed tenements were for the poorer classes
HARAPPA:
DRAINAGE SYSTEM
• Wells and reservoirs ‐ drinking and bathing.
• Bathing platforms with water tight floor &
drains [open out to larger drains in streets]
provided in rooms adjacent to the wells.
• Drains and water chutes in the upper storeys
were often built inside the wall with an exit
opening just above the street drains.
• Tapered terracotta drainpipes were used to
direct water out to the street.
• Many houses had distinct toilets, separate
from the bath areas.
• Drains covered with baked bricks or dressed
stone blocks. Garbage bins were provided
along the major streets.
 CHANAKYA’S ARTHASASTHRA
• A city ‐ located centrally to facilitate trade and
commerce.
• The site ‐ large in area, and near a perennial
water body .
• Shape ‐ circular, rectangular or square as
would suit the topography.
• separate areas for marketing different goods.
• wall around the town, ‐ 6 dandas high and 12
dandas wide. Beyond this wall there should be
three moats of 14‘, 12’and 10’ wide be
constructed four arm‐lengths apart. Depth –
3/4th of width.
• three‐east west and three north – south roads,
should divide the town.
• the main roads should be 8 dandas wide
and/other roads 4 dandas wide.
• 1 well for 10 houses.
 UNITS
• The height of the mythical mountain Meru Parvat is estimated to be 100,000 yojanas in Jain
cosmology; where 1 yojana is given as 6,400 km (4,000 mi) – approximately the radius of
the Earth. If the length of a Yojana is taken to be approximately 13 to 16 km, then its subsidiary
measurements are as follows:
• 1 angula = 16 to 21 mm
• 4 angulas = one dhanu graha (bow grip) = 62 to 83 mm
• 8 angulas = one dhanu musti (fist with thumb raised) = 125 to 167 mm
• 12 angulas = 1 vitasti (handspan: distance between tip of thumb and tip of last finger when
palm is stretched) = 188 to 250 mm
• 2 vitastis = 1 aratni (cubit) = 375 to 500 mm
• 4 aratnis = 1 danda = 1.5 to 2.0 m
• 2 dandas = 1 dhanu = 3 to 4 m
• 5 dhanus = 1 rajju = 15 to 20 m
• 2 rajjus = 1 paridesha = 30 to 40 m
• 100 parideshas = 1 krosha (or gorata) = 3 to 4 km
• 4 kroshas = 1 yojana = 13 to 16 km
• 1,000 yojanas = 1 mahayojan = 13 to 16 Mm
ANCIENT TOWN CLASSIFICATION
There are eight different types of Towns and Villages
as per their shapes
• Dandaka
• Sarvathobhadra
• Nandyavarta
• Padmaka
• Swastika
• Prastara
• Karmuka
• Chaturmukha
DANDAKA
• Streets are straight and cross
each other at right angles at the
centre
• Village has 4 gates on four sides
• Village is rectangular / square
• Width of the street varies from
one ‐ five danda
• 2 transverse street at the
extremities have single row of
houses
• The village offices located in the
east.
• The female deity/ chamadevata ‐
located outside the village and
the male deities in the northern
portion
SARVATOBHADRA
• This type of town plan is
applicable to larger villages
and towns, which have to
be constructed on a square
sites.
• According to this plan, the
whole town should be fully
occupied by houses of
various descriptions and
inhabited by all classes of
people.
• The temple dominates the
village
 NANDYAVARTA
• This plan is commonly used for
the construction of towns and
not for villages.
• It is generally adopted for the
sites either circular or square in
shape, 3000 – 4000 HOUSES
• The streets run parallel to the
central adjoining streets with
the temple of the presiding deity
in the center of the town.
• “Nandyavarta” is the name of a
flower, the form of which is
followed in this layout.
 PADMAKA
• This type of plan was
practiced for building of the
towns with fortress all
round.
• The pattern of the plan
resembles the petals of
lotus radiating outwards
from the center.
• The city used to be
practically an island
surrounded by water,
having no scope for
expansion
SWASTIKA
• Swastika type of plan
contemplates some diagonal
streets dividing the site into
certain rectangular plots.
• The site need not be marked
out into a square or rectangle
and it may be of any shape.
• A rampart wall surrounds the
town, with a moat at its foot
filled with water.
• Two main streets cross each
other at the center, running
south to north and west to
east.
PRASTARA
• The characteristic feature of this
plan is that the site may be
either square or rectangular but
not triangular or circular.
• The sites are set apart for the
poor, the middle class, the rich
and the very rich, the sizes of the
sites increasing according to the
capacity of each to purchase or
build upon.
• The main roads are much wider
compared to those of other
patterns.
• The town may or may not be
surrounded by a fort.
KARMUKA
• This plan is suitable for the place where the site of the
town is in the form of a bow or semi‐circular or
parabolic and mostly applied for towns located on the
seashore or riverbanks.
• The main streets of the town run from north to south or
east to west and the cross streets run at right‐angles to
them, dividing the whole area into blocks.
• The presiding deity, commonly a female deity, is
installed in the temple build in any convenient place.
CHATURMUKHA
• Chaturmukha type of plan is
applicable to all towns
starting from the largest town
to the smallest village.
• The site may be either square
or rectangular having four
faces.
• The town is laid out east to
west lengthwise, with four
main streets.
• The temple of the presiding
deity will be always at the
center
DELHI…. SHAHJAHANABAD
Introduction
By the time the emperor
Shah Jahan (1928‐58)
came to the throne, the
artistic tradition of
Mughals had reached
a stage of maturity
and refinement.

During ShahJahan’s rein

the architectural
development was
remarkable due to his
interest and patronage of
architecture. His
buildings were
characterized by
sensitivity and delicacy.
Background
• The site for the new capital in Delhi was ideally suited as
a convergence point of land routes, being centrally
located geographically.
• The site was situated on the western bank of river
Yamuna where a natural projection formed a triangle
with the land and the river.
• Urban Life of Muslims
▫ By Shah Jahan’s time, the Muslims in India had partially
Indianized.
▫ Under the Mughals, they were mainly an urban
community, and they disliked village. Muslim life was
closely linked to religious event, as well as to ceremonies
and festivals or ritual events.
• The Area Is Characterized By Bazaars, Mohallas, Katras,
Phataks and various Such Sub-divisions Of Residential
Units. A Mohalla Contains Its own Bazaars
Spatial
Structure

• The closer to the core of the city the more socially recognized are the
professional settled there: weavers, producers of wool, traders of saddle‐
horses, oil‐ extractors & manufacturers of straw goods, each of them
represented by their respective mosques.
• In the direction of Chandni Chowk, mostly representative of the trading
professions, e.g. traders of fabrics, fish, meats and luxury goods, but also
some of the professional groups processing goods, all of them are
characterized by the spatial proximity to the imperial house.
Planning of Shahjahanabad
• The city was planned
according to hindu planning
principles of shilpashastra
from vastushastra.
• The site was placed on a high
land as in the shastra and was
karmukha or bow shaped, for
this ensured its prosperity.
• The arm of the archer was
Chandni Chowk.
• The string was Yamuna river.
• The junction of the two main
axes is the most auspicious
point in the whole region and
was therefore the red fort.
KARMUKA
• This plan is suitable for the place where the site of the
town is in the form of a bow or semi‐circular or
parabolic and mostly applied for towns located on the
seashore or riverbanks.
• The main streets of the town run from north to south or
east to west and the cross streets run at right‐angles to
them, dividing the whole area into blocks.
• The presiding deity, commonly a female deity, is
installed in the temple build in any convenient place.
 Shahjahanabad……. 1648 AD
• The Red Fort and Jama
Masjid were thorough fares
that framed the city.
• From Lahore Gate ran a
broad avenue with a covered RED
arcade designed and paid for FORT
by Jahan Ara‐ that housed
over 1500 shops. Today
known as Chatta Bazaar. CHANDNI CHOWK
• The remainder of
Shahjahanabad took shape
within the city walls with its
havelis mansions, mosques,
temples, Sikh shrines and the JAMA MASJID
gardens of the nobility.
• The walled and guarded
establishments of these
grandees included private
living quarters for the nobles N
and their harem.
The city form‐ morphology elements
• The urban infrastructure was laid out in a geometric
pattern.
• Shows traces of both Persian and Hindu traditions of
town planning and architecture with the Persian
influence largely accounting for the formalism and
symmetry of the palaces gardens and boulevards.
• The designed infrastructure of Shahjahanabad
comprised‐
▫ The fort
▫ The Friday mosque.
▫ The other major mosques, including the
corresponding waqf properties.
The city form‐ morphology elements
▫ The two main boulevards.
▫ The bazaars around the Friday mosque.
▫ The elaborate system of water channels.
▫ The major gardens and the city wall.
▫ The arrangement of these planned
elements was influenced by certain site
features, which precluded absolute
geometry.
Major Street
• The streets in Mughal capital were usually narrow and
crooked. However, the major streets were designed as
wide and straight.
• The east‐west street called Chandni Chowk connected
the Lahori Darwaza of the fort. It ran in a straight line
forming a wide boulevard with broad vista.
• The Fort was visible from any place on the street. This
perspective view marked a new concept of town
planning for the Mughal capital.
• Chandni Chowk is 1.4km in length and jogged right at
the Fatehpuri Begum Mosque. It was built as the central
axis of the city. Karawan Sarai and begum ki Sarai were
also located in this area.
 Another main street the Faiz
Bazaar or Akkarabadi Bazaar,
was also wide and straight. It
had a north‐south axis and
connected Delhi gate of the
fort with the city walls Delhi
gate and is about 1km in
length.
 These major two streets
developed as processional
routes, as well as commercial
arteries. The streets also
assumed importance for ritual
events.
 Streets
• The basic network of the five main streets
▫ extended from Chandni Chowk and Faiz Bazaar to
other gates and to different part of the walled city.
▫ The streets were built as the spines of major
activities and developed as commercial thorough
affairs.
▫ They connected the Ajmeri Darwaza with the Jami
Masjid and Turkman and Lahori Darwazas.
▫ Their intersections formed a landmark.
▫ Important buildings were located on these arteries.
▫ The other streets were less significant and were
mainly built as access roads to the residential areas.
MAHALLA / KATRA
▫ There was a tendency of the cities' population to settle by ethnic
affiliations and to live in the same neighborhoods.
▫ The urban community and the Mughal capital was formed by
such districts or wards, known as mahallas and katras. These
homogeneous units also define cultural as well as socio-
economic activities. There were 36 mahallas in the walled city.
Each katra had an enclosed space created between residential
and commercial buildings having entry to a katra made through
a gate.
▫ These courtyards were environmentally sound and acted as
main ventilation shafts in a hot and arid climate. Communal
open space was conspicuously absent as it is so today. There was
not much need for communal open space, other than for
worship which is why the Jami Masjid was provided with a
spacious courtyard.
▫ Thus, it is clear that planning of a residential area in the Mughal
capital did not provide for social units.
Streets, Bazaars, Chowks
▫ The city was separated from the
surrounding land by a wall and a
moat.
▫ Passing through the city’s gates city
marked the passage from one
domination to another.
▫ The main thoroughfares , the
secondary roads and the bazaars
were public space.
Havellis
• The members of the imperial household who
lived outside the fort/ palace built large
mansions (havellis) on the model of the imperial
design of the red fort.
• As a rule these city palaces accommodated not
only the owner and his family, but also their
numerous followers, servants, and craftsmen
with their workshops.
• The internal organization of the space within
the havellis was therefore also based on the
strict distinction between the public, semi
private and private spaces.
Streetscapes
• There emerges a hierarchy of streets in the layout
of the city.
• The secondary streets were the ones which entered
the south of the city from Chandni Chowk. (thus
they were perpendicular for some distance and
then assumed an organic form once deep in the
city).
• The secondary street structure also includes the
streets that are parallel to the city walls‐ forming a
concentric ring so to say, in the southern part of the
city.
• They then intermingle at chowks with the third
layering of streets, which derive their character
from the fact that they are perpendicular to the
main mosque, Jama Masjid.
Conclusion
• The new Mughal capital and the fort were designed as an ideal city and
a paradise on Earth.
• The design and planning methods were geometric and provided for
green areas (gardens) and water facilities.
• Principal elements in the town planning were the fort, the Jami Masjid,
two major streets, city wall and gates, the Bagh, the Id‐gah and the
Karawan Sarai.
• The Red fort was designed as a symbol ofMuslim power and as an ideal
living space on a formal geometrical plan.
• The Jami Masjid was designed as a symbol of Muslim power and of the
capital.
• Two major streets were developed as the central axis and as
processional routes and they were new elements in the capital; the
design and the planning method was a new concept in town planning
in the Mughal capital.
• Planning in the capital did not provide planning of residential areas.
• The city wall and gateways were drawn on a geometrical plan.
• Urban forms and patterns developed on there own in response to the
emperor’s basic need and idea and little attention was paid to the social
planning.
 Development After Shahjahanabad

N Civil Lines
M

C
H

E
Walled city
B A

D
K G

L Imperial Delhi
F

• Civil lines –1920’s

J
• Imperial Delhi- 1930’s
N
• Post– Independence-(1947 -1956)
DELHI ZONAL MAP
DELHI…. Imperial Delhi
Imperial Delhi
• Sir George Birdwood, “ It is Old Delhi
not a cantonment that we
have to lay out at Delhi, but
an Imperial city - The Ridge
Symbol of the British Raj in
India – and it must be like
Rome - be built for
eternity”.
• The challenge of planning
and construction of this
‘symbol’ was given to
Edwin Lutyens and
Herbert Baker. Jammun
• Lutyens Delhi was planned
on the most spacious
garden city lines with the
great avenues

N
Safdarjung Tomb
Jama Masjid

s Cannought Place

Purana Kila

Presidential Estate

LAYOUT OF THE CITY

The layout of Lutyens Safdarjung Tomb
Delhi was governed by
three major visual
corridors, linking the
government complex
with :
N
Jama Masjid
Indraprastha
IMPERIAL DELHI………Start of a new era
Imperial Delhi was an amalgamation of various elements, with its avenues,
historic buildings and residences fitting together to form a network of
straight lines, traffic axes, geometrical plazas, and parklands
 Understanding Image of Lutyens Delhi

VIEW OF RAJPATH FROM VICEROY’S HOUSE

VICEROY’S HOUSE

The positioning of viceroy’s house on the Raisina

hill with the Rajpath forming the access displays
sheer power and command. PARLIAMENT HOUSE
 Models & Inspirations
Haussmann’s plans for Paris with champs Elysees

Imperial Delhi was very similar in plan with its Hexagonal system of wide
boulevards and the important historical or new buildings at the intersections.
 Models & Inspirations
Christopher Wren’s plan for London
Models & Inspirations
Washington D.C
Processional Routes
• The principle Parkway, Connaught
Kingsway, forms the main Place
processional route which
leads from Purana Quila,
through the ceremonial
gate, towards the forecourt
at the base of Raisina Hill.
• Crossing this Parkway, at
right angles is a N-S axis ,
the Queensway, Presidential
India Gate
terminating in Connaught Estate
Place in The North.
• At the junction of the two
main avenues are four large
buildings- Oriental
Institute, The National
Museum, National Library
and The Imperial Record Purana
Office. Kila
Golf
Kingsway
Course
Queensway
 Road Networks

Traffic Node Section Showing Hierarchy in Roads

Residential Allocation
• Social hierarchy was used to establish thematic contrast,
Within the hexagonal grids areas were located on criteria of
race, occupational rank and socio-economic status.
• Physical elements within were used to convey the status of
the Residents, Social hierarchy was used to strengthen the
image.
▫ The closer the Road/ path is to the Government house the
greater is its width.
▫ Status was communicated by elevations, size of compound
and dwelling, width and name of road and area, quantity
and type of vegetation, size of gates and nameplates etc.
Residential Allocation
Peons
• The North-East axis forms the
cities main business avenue.
• South-West residences of local
administrators and European Indian Clerk
clerks.
European
• To the West, between Talkatora Clerk
Gardens and Paharganj-
Gazzeted
Residences of Indian clerks. officers
• Vicinity of Raisina Acropolis-
housing for council and other
higher officials.
• North And South of Kingsway-
Senior gazzetted officers.
• S-W of Viceroys palace- The
Club. Adjoining land was
reserved for Golf and Race Golf N
course. Course
Survey
Types of Surveys
 Regional & Town Surveys
 They are done at much small scale and it includes
▫ Land Use Surveys
▫ Density Surveys
▫ Surveys for the age and condition of the Buildings
▫ Traffic Surveys
▫ Other Social Surveys
 Techniques of Surveys
▫ Self Surveys (ie mailing questionnaires to the person to be surveyed)
▫ Interviews (ie by asking questions to the people to be surveyed)
▫ Direct Inspection (ie when the surveyor himself inspects the
situations concerned)
▫ Observers Participation (ie when the observer himself participate in
acquiring the data required)
 Scale for Structuring Questionnaires

 Nominal Scale
▫ Where there is no ‘ordering’ like asking of Sex, Age,
Employment in any particular Service etc
 Ordinal
▫ Where there is a specific ‘Order’ of choices like asking
of priorities, housing conditions, Climate etc
 Interval
▫ Where Interval of time is given importance like time
taken to shift from LIG Housing to HIG Housing, time
interval to change from two wheelers to four wheelers
etc
 Selection of Samples
Basic Rules for Selection of Sample
 More disastrous the results of poor information,
larger sample size is required so that the framing up
of policies of planning are appropriate
 The more varied the expected responses, larger
sample size is required
 Larger the total population, smaller the percentage
of the population are required to be surveyed
 Various Ways to Select Samples
Based on Type Importance & accuracy
Required of particular Information in
the Survey process
 Simple Random Sampling
 Systematic Sampling
 Stratified Sampling
 Clustered Sampling
Zoning
 Zoning
 Zoning was first practiced in India in the Delhi
Master Plan (1962)
 Than in Maharashtra Regional and Town Planning
Act (1966)
 In 1978, the Model Land Use and Zoning
Regulations were formulated by TCPO which
accommodated the concept of Mixed Land Use
 The concept of Zoning lies in the division of a
settlement into Zones and Districts according to
present and potential Uses of Land and Buildings
 Objectives of Zoning
 To lessen congestion on streets
 To secure safety of fire and other hazards
 To promote health and general welfare
 To protect amenity value and hence property
 To provide adequate light and air
 To prevent over concentration of population
 To facilitate Transportation, Water Supply, Sewerage,
Schools, Parks, etc
 To encourage most appropriate use of land
 Zoning regulation includes provisions for the Use of Property
and exercise limitation upon the shape and height of
buildings that occupy the land
 Differences between Building and
Building Bye-Laws Zoning Bye-Laws
Same for whole city
Zoning Bye-Laws
Different in Different Districts

Deal with internal part of a Deal with the whole district

Building
They are not concerned with the They are concerned with the use
use of building
Need not have a Master Plan A Master Plan is necessary

The common aspects are Both gives the regulations to control height, set-
backs, plot area and FSI
 Pre-requisites of Zoning Bye-Laws
 The city must have a Master Plan
 It translate the proposals of Master Plan into practice
 It should be directed towards the protection of Public Health, Public
Welfare and Safety
 No discrimination or capricious intent should be there in the plan
 Administration of the ordinance should be reasonable and free from
arbitrary decisions
 Detailed studies of population, Economics and Land Use studies are
required
 Efficient Planning and Enforcement machinery is required
 Classification of the Uses in a Town
 Types and Classification of the Uses in a Town
 Permitable – Uses which are automatically permitted

 Permissible – Uses permitted on appeal

 Prohibited – Uses not permitted

 Zoning Aspects
 Amendments in the Zoning Regulations should be done

 Reflecting the character of a particular district; the Bye-Laws

should be framed for Public Interest

 Spot Zoning must be done which is relaxation of Zoning Bye-

Laws, with reference to a particular site
 Major Classification of Zoning
Districts
 Open Land District – Given to scenic or historical sites
having no urbanization
 Estate District – Given to Residential districts to a large
plot
 Single Family District – Given to areas having single
dwelling units per plot
 Multiple Family District – Given to plots having two
families, with medium density developments, high
density developments, mobile houses, hotels etc
 Commercial District
 Industrial District
 Drawbacks of Zoning Regulations
 Practice is cumbersome
 Not useful for smaller Towns
 Zoning Bye-Laws comprises with existing use, very
rarely they guide new developments
 It fails to prevent change of use
 Zoning laws seems to be very rigid in India as we are
accustomed to Mixed Land Use, both horizontally and
Vertically
TRANSPORT PLANNING
Transportation Planning
Introduction
• Transportation land Use is Important : It Links
other Land Uses
• Access to Space
• Related to Activity Pattern ( Economic &
Cultural Life)
• Circulation System : Flows that take Place
• Types of Flows : People ,goods, waste, services
and Information (Channels & Mode)
• The Channels are mostly consisting of Networks
and Terminals& Inter changes
Network Characteristics
 The FORM
▫ It is the form of the network that gives the Shape of
any city
▫ There are various patterns of roads
 Grid Iron – Roads crossing at right angles
 Regular & Diagonal – Grid Pattern with diagonal crosses
 Radial – Roads spreading out from one point
 Radio-Centric – Radial Roads with concentric circles
 Radial & Rectangular – Combination of Radial and Grid- iron
Pattern
 Organic – Branching type of streets developed as per needs
Grid Iron
 Advantages
▫ Regular Plot Size
▫ Easy Flow of Traffic
 Disadvantages
 Crossing are Similar
 To Many Intersections
 127

T junction

Cross junction -3 conflict pts.

- 16 conflict pts

Cross junctions to be avoided. T junctions are preferable

as they have less number of traffic conflict points.
Regular & Diagonal
Washington D.C
 129

Typical Street Patterns

Radial
Radio Centric
 137
A B C

D E
COMPARATIVELY, D &
E ARE BETTER -
FUNCTIONALLY AS
WELL AS FROM
IMAGEABILITY POINT
OF VIEW
Classification and Hierarchy
 Two types are classified
▫ Inter-City Roads – Roads connecting in between two
cities
 There are various categories of Inter City Roads
 Expressway – ROW(Right of Way) – 60 M
 National Highway – ROW – 50-60 M
 State Highway – 50-60 M
 District Roads – 25-30 M
 Village Roads – 10 M

▫ Organic – Branching type of streets developed as per

needs
Classification and Hierarchy
▫ Intra-City Roads – Roads which are within the
city limits
 Arterial Road – Continuous Route for Through
Traffic
 Sub-Arterial Road – ROW – 30-40 M
 Collector Street – these Roads are meant for
collecting and distributing traffic from and to local
streets and also provide access to arterial streets,
ROW – 20-30 M
 Local Streets – Primarily access to Residences,
Important Terms
• Right of Way : the Horizontal Distance from one
Plot line to another plot line in front of it
• Carriage Way : The portion which carries vehicles
• Volume of Traffic : Total traffic flow at a point
• Capacity of Roads : No. of vehicles that pass through
a road in one hour under ideal condition
• Operational Speed : Speed at which traffic flows,
depends on volume to capacity Ratio
• V/C is inversely proportional to speed
 Levels of Service
 Levels of Service
▫ It is the qualitative expression describing the traffic
condition at a given state of Roads
▫ Depends on
 Drivers Freedom
 Operational Speed
 Volume/Capacity Ratio
Passenger Car Unit
• Traffic : Mix Nature
• The width of road : basis of Equivalent PCU
using equivalency factor
 Traffic Flow Characteristics
Volume – it depends on the various Land Uses which generate or attract the Traffic

 Flow – four types of flow of traffic

▫ From Outside to Outside

▫ From Inside to Inside

▫ From Outside to Inside

▫ From Inside to Outside

 Distribution – Depends on two aspects

▫ Vehicles may flow at a particular direction and then it is known as

DIRECTIONAL DISTRIBUTION

▫ Vehicles may also flow in a specific direction in a particular TIME and

then it is known as TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION
 Traffic Flow Characteristics
 Mode Characteristics
▫ The transportation system is based on the demand of movement and
also on the number of Trips
▫ The Trips must have an Origin and a Destination
 Modal Split
▫ The percentage of the total demand met by Public Transport is
known as Modal Split
 Transport Survey
▫ Speed Survey
▫ Volume Survey
▫ OD Survey
Planning Theories
Ebenezer Howard
• Created by Ebenezer Howard in 1898 to
solve urban and rural problems
• Garden City most potent planning model in
Western urban planning
• The ideal of a planned residential
community
• Planned in response to the need for
improvement in the quality of urban life,
which had become marred by
overcrowding and congestion due to
uncontrolled growth since the Industrial
Revolution.
_Philosophy…
 Vision - towns free of slums.
 Wanted people to enjoy benefits of both town
and country.
Town –
opportunity
amusement
high wages
Country –
beauty
fresh air
low rents
Important Dates : Garden City
Idea … The Three Magnets Diagram

 Garden City’ – an
impressive diagram of THE
THREE MAGNETS
 Town magnet, country
magnet with their
advantages and
disadvantages and the third
magnet with attractive
features of both town and
country Life.
 Naturally people preferred
the third one namely
Town & Country
TOWN
closing out of nature
Isolation of crowds
Distant work places
High rents and prices
Slums and crowded dwellings
social opportunity
places of amusement
high money wages
chances of employment
Well lit streets
COUNTRY
•lack of society
•hands out of work
•low wages and rents
lack of drainage
lack of amusement
no public spirit
beauty of nature
fresh air
abundance of water
bright sunshine
need of re-form
land lying idle
 Town-Country…
• freedom • social opportunity
• beauty of nature • high wages
• low rents • plenty to do
• low pricing • flow of capital
• field for enterprise
• good drainage
• pure air and water
• no smoke, no slums
• bright homes and
gardens • co-operation
The Concept…. • Core garden city
principles
▫ Strong community
▫ Ordered
development
▫ Environmental
quality
▫Population –
approx 30,000
Main Features
• Unified ownership of land
to prevent individual land
peculation and maximize
community benefit
• Careful planning to
provide generous living
and working space while
maintaining natural
qualities
• Social mix and good
community facilities
• Limits to growth of each
garden city
• Local participation in
decisions about
development
 Limited size Concept…
 Planned in advance
 Independent towns
 Surrounded by a permanent belt of agricultural land
 Perfect blend of city with nature
 A balance of work and leisure
 A balance of control and freedom
 A harmonious relation between the machine and garden
 City layout…
 Total area of city – 6000 acres.
 Covers an area of 1,000 acres, or a sixth part of the 6,000
acres
 Might be of circular form, 1,240 yards from centre to
circumference.
Garden City Concept
 At the centre of the city would lay a garden ringed with the
civic and cultural complex including the city hall, a concert
hall, museum, theatre, library, and hospital.
 Six broad main avenues would radiate from this centre.
Concentric to this urban core would be a park, a
combination shopping centre and conservatory,
a residential area, and then, at the outer edge, industry
 Traffic would move along avenues extending along the radii
and concentric boulevards.
Garden City Concept
Application
 A garden city called Letchworth was developed about 30 miles north of
London in Hertfordshire, Eng. It succeeded according to the guidelines that
he had laid down, and in 1920 a second, Welwyn Garden City, was
established nearby.
 Howard’s concept of interrelating country and city in a planned city of
predetermined size has enjoyed wide popularity in the planning of
subsequent new towns. His emphasis on greenbelt areas and controlled
population densities has become an integral part of suburban and city
planning as well.
 It failed to incorporate any technological changes and the inevitable
development of the cities due to these changes
SATELLITE TOWNS
• A satellite town or satellite city is a concept in
urban planning that refers essentially to
miniature metropolitan areas on the fringe of
larger ones
• Satellite cities are small or medium‐sized cities
near a large metropolis
• Predate that metropolis suburban expansion
• Are at least partially independent from that
metropolis economically and socially
• Are Physically separated from the metropolis by
rural territory.
The Industrial Revolution
Garden City
•It incorporates Residences, Schools,
Factories, etc
•It comprises of Zones
•It may include Industries
•There is no necessity for rapid
Transportation facilities
•Have both arterial Roads and
Communication Roads
•There should be as much as green
space as possible; around any house or
a city
•The cities have a specific population
and area 9the approximate density was
30 ppa
Satellite Towns
•They are mostly Residential with some
commercial amenities
•May or may not have Zones
•There would be no Industries, people
would go to the parental town for work
•Local Trains and Buses would be
necessary
•There would be one Arterial Road
•Every House may or may not have
gardens but the Town as a whole should
be a compact unit, situated in an open
area
•There was no concept for fixed density
The Industrial Revolution

•18th Century Europe

▫In 1765, James Watt invented Steam Engine, therefore there was an
increase in the production , trade and development of factories.
▫This industrialization demanded to have dwellings, shops and schools
▫Socio-Economic aspect changed wherein society became ‘Class Oriented’
instead of ‘Caste Based’
▫Religion was loosing its importance
▫Poor were exploited
▫In 1776, Adam Smith’s theory on Capitalism lead to the increase of the
number of workers per owner
▫This lead to the formation of Trade Unions
The Industrial Revolution

•18th Century Europe

▫With the increase in need of raw materials for the
industries, colonization started
▫Industrial Entrepreneurs became politically powerful
▫The powers of the Nobles and Landlords declined
▫Different patterns of settlement started coming up
▫Regional Planning evolved as an emerging science
The Industrial Revolution

•Development in Transportation
▫In 1825, Steam Railroad was developed
▫Mass Transit System also started in the cities
▫In 1885, Electric Railways started and Internal Combustion
Engines were invented which helped to increase the crowding
of the streets
▫In 1897, Underground Railways started in Boston
▫These developments along with Air Transport intensified
concentration in the Urban Areas
The Industrial Revolution
•Development in Transportation
▫Telegraph was invented in 1850, in 1876, telephone was invented and the
Radio in the first quarter of the 20th Century
▫Development in the communication systems made the world much
smaller and easy communication between the cities lead to faster growth
in industrialization
▫Public Water Supply by gravity started in Boston in 1652
▫Pumping system came into existence and methods of treatment of
sewerage was developed in 1820
▫Important Building Bye-laws lead to heavy plot coverage by buildings
that reduced natural drainage
▫By 1882, electricity was available for street lighting
The Industrial Revolution

•Characteristics of a Factory Town

▫Every amenity of Urban Life was sacrificed to the requirements of
Industrial Production
▫Railroads and Ships joined the factories and the waterfronts became the
Industrial core of the city
▫Poor were exploited again and there was increase in Number of Slums as
there was increase in number of workers in the factories
▫By 1870, many larger cities like London, New York and Paris had a
density more than 275 persons per acre for a city as a whole and about
550 to 750 persons per acre in residential areas
The Industrial Revolution

•Commercial Centers came into existence, due to which

Economics played a very important role in City Planning
•There was a chaotic growth of cities as planning approach
changed when city planning was looked after as an Engineering
Process and other activities became dominating realities
•In India, Regulations on Housing was incorporated in the
Municipal Acts (The first Municipal Corporation Act was that of
Mumbai in 1888)
•Regulations for Non-Residential Buildings were only framed in
1966
The Industrial Revolution

•Starting of Modern Trends in Planning

▫Due to inefficient and unhealthy labour, the production was affected and
Industrial cities turned from bad to worse
▫In 1797, ‘SOCIETY FOR BETTERING THE CONDITIONS OF POOR’
was formed in England
▫In 1816, Robert Owen, an Industrialist, proposed a plan for a community
that could be having an area of 50-100 Acres with population of 122
▫He reformed the working conditions, wages and working hours of the
workers
▫He formed a co-operative community with lot of open spaces combining
industry and agriculture
Concept of Robert Owen
The Industrial Revolution

•Model Towns
▫The Factory Town System brought more people to Urban Centers
▫North America was divided into square grids by the first settlers
▫As the Land prices boomed, this only reinforced the square or rectangular
grid planning
▫Natural features like Rivers, Mountains and valleys were ignored
▫Hence, the grid became the basic pattern of forms, Villages and Towns,
cities and Countires
▫There were two aspects of Town planning in North America
Zoning
Public Utilities
The Industrial Revolution

•Model Towns
Zoning
There were regulations under the Police Power of the
Height, Bulk and Use of Buildings, the Use of Land
and the Density of Population

Public Utilities
This was imposed upon Transportation via common
carriers, Roads, Water Supply, Sewage Disposal and
drainage, Communication, Power and Illumination
The Industrial Revolution
▫The form of Commercial cities forced thinking on Decentralization. This
Include
Planned Decentralization of New Towns
To change the Internal Structure of Towns by Re-development
To Chalk out future Urban Structure

▫Planned Decentralization
Few philosophies were put forward
The concept of Garden City was introduced in 1898 by Ebenezer Howard
▫Garden City
▫The philosophy of Howard was to have a liveable, viable and a healthy
city in the Urban Area
▫The city should have an Optimum Size, a Specific Population and Density
having agricultural Field around the city
The Industrial Revolution
▫Garden City
▫The garden City should have all the benefits of a Village and also that of a
Town.
▫Population – approx 30,000
▫Town Area – 100 Acres
▫In 1899, a Garden City Association was formed
▫In 1903, the first Garden City was introduced
Letchworth
Area – 500 Acres
Population – 35000 Persons
Green Belt – 3000 Acres
By 1947, it had population of 16000 persons and 100 factories
The Garden City
The Industrial Revolution
Welwyn
 Second Garden City started in 1920
Area – 2400 Acres
Population 4000 Persons
By 1947, it had population of 18000 persons and 70 factories

▫Failure of the garden City Concept

It failed to incorporate any technological changes and the inevitable development of the
cities due to these changes

▫Satellite Towns
Raymond Unwin introduced the Concept of Satellite Towns
In 1926, Sir Barry parker was appointed by Manchester Housing Committee to make a
Satellite Garden Town to relieve the pressure due to congested slums of the city.
By 1935, Wythenshawe was built for 4000 dwellings
Another Township was developed named as Becontree
The Industrial Revolution
Garden City
•It incorporates Residences, Schools,
Factories, etc
•It comprises of Zones
•It may include Industries
•There is no necessity for rapid
Transportation facilities
•Have both arterial Roads and
Communication Roads
•There should be as much as green
space as possible; around any house
or a city
•The cities have a specific population
and area 9the approximate density
was 30 ppa
Satellite Towns
•They are mostly Residential with
some commercial amenities
•May or may not have Zones
•There would be no Industries, people
would go to the parental town for
work
•Local Trains and Buses would be
necessary
•There would be one Arterial Road
•Every House may or may not have
gardens but the Town as a whole
should be a compact unit, situated in
an open area
•There was no concept for fixed
density
The Industrial Revolution
•To change the Internal Structure of Towns by Re-development
▫Philosophy of Patrick Geddes
In 1892, Geddes formed the Outlook Tower in Edinburgh and presented the
complexities of Urban Life
He insisted upon integrating Physical Planning with Social and Economical Planning
He also insisted on necessity of Regional planning
He recommended that there is a need of simultaneous thinking in the fields of
FOLK ie Organism
WORK ie Function
PLACE ie Environment
He recommended the sequence of Panning to be
Regional Survey
Rural Development
Town Planning and City Design
The Industrial Revolution
•To change the Internal Structure of Towns by Re-development
▫Philosophy of Patrick Geddes
He also recommended the theory of Conservatory Surgery in which the
planners suggested the growth of the cities should be controlled by initiating
Planning Bye-Laws like Zonal regulations, height Zoning, etc
To implement this theory, a method known as ‘Urban renewal’ is adopted
which includes
Fixation of Project Area and Action Area
Surveys
Identification of Problems
Making Plans and Implementation
Geddes visited India in 1915-16 for rendering advice on Town Planning
His recommendations were published in the book ‘Patrick Geddes in India’
The Industrial Revolution
•To Chalk out the Future Urban Structure
▫To make the future cities of the world, there
came up certain Utopian Ideas in the late 19th and
20th century
▫The word Utopia means ‘perfect’ by
‘Impractical’
▫The few Utopian ideas are
LA CITE INDUSTRIELE – Tony Garnier
He planned for Modern Industrial City,
wherein Civic Center and Residential
Centers were separated from the
factory areas by Green Belts
The Highways and Railways traverse
the Green belt to avoid any
development abutting the Regional
Route
The Industrial Revolution
•To Chalk out the Future Urban Structure
LA CIUDAD LINEAR – Soria Y. Mata (1882)
This was proposed to expand along the communication network between two
existing cities
The total width of the city is dependent on Pedestrian Scale and not on Vehiculat
Scale
The Industrial Revolution
BROAD ACRE – Frank Llyod Wright (1925-30)
It is essentially a Linear City
It distributes Industries, Commerce, Housing, Social facilities and
Agriculture along the Rail Road Artery and has access to Highways
One Acre of Land is given to each family
Neighbourhood Facilities are also provided
Ludwig Hilberseimer
He tried to build a Relationship between Residential Areas and Industrial
and Commercial Areas
The distance between them may vary depending upon the speed of the
movement
All housing were proposed in the Public Sector or as Institutions
Broad Acre Concept
The Industrial Revolution
LA VILLE CONTEMPORAINE– Le Corbusier
This was a concept of Concentric City (1922)
This concept was shown in Paris Exhibition
This was a city of sky-scrapers – 6 storied office buildings – 1200 ppa
Covers 5% of ground Area
Apartment Districts surrounds the Sky-Scrapers – 8 storied high
buildings with broad open spaces around them – density was 1200 ppa
Outskirts had CITE JARDINS (Garden Cities of single storied housing)
The city had population of 30,000
Most of the buildings were on stilts
Corbusier was strictly against Functionalism
LA VILLE CONTEMPORAINE
LA VILLE CONTEMPORAINE– Le Corbusier
Ville Contemporaine is a revolt against the irrational
growth of Contemporary cities
Concentric City wherein, controlled elements replace the
traditional pattern of old Metropolis
LA VILLE CONTEMPORAINE
PLAN VIOSIN– Le Corbusier
60 story sky-scraper office buildings were placed in
the cast open space
Traffic was separated and parking spaces were defined
for vehicles
The plan has rectangular arrangement of streets
Local and through traffic were separated
Large open spaces are treated with informal pedestrian
circulation and are landscaped
Plan Viosin
LA VILLE CONTEMPORAINE
LA VILLE RADIEUSE – The Radiant City – 1930
He proposed a continuous staggered row of high buildings
set upon piers within open space
There were three distinct categories of Roadways
▫Encircling freeway raised above the ground
▫Secondary traffic ways – uninterrupted by the building forms
▫Informal pedestrian ways which circulate beneath the
buildings at the ground level
▫The building of low height are proposed in settings of
landscaped open space
LA VILLE RADIEUSE
LA VILLE CONTEMPORAINE
C.I.A.M – Congress International Architecture Moderne– 1928
 Corbusier played a lead Role in C.I.A.M
 He proposed that there are four basic elements of Urban Biology
▫ SPACE SUN

VEGETATION STEEL & CONCRETE

 The four functions of any settlement are
▫ DWELLING WORK

RECREATION TRANSPORTATION
 HE ORGANISED the Assembly of Constructors for Architectural Renovation (ASCORAL)
 This set forth three Human Settlements
▫ The Farming Unit
▫ The Radio –centric City (The Radiant City)
▫ The Linear Industrial City
The Industrial Revolution
THE CULTURE OF CITIES – Lewis Mumford (1938)
He was one of the pioneers to advocate the concept of Neighbourhood
Unit
The size of the city is determined by the convenient walking distance for
children between farthest house and the school and playground
The schools and homes should be isolated from the hazards and the
noise of traffic
The traffic should not disturb pedestrian movement
EKISTICS & DYNAPOLIS - C.A. Doxiadis
 He recommended the theory of Ekistics means Science of Human Settlements
 He said that the Human habitat is a balance of certain elements
 These elements are
The Industrial Revolution
EKISTICS & DYNAPOLIS - C.A. Doxiadis
These elements always interact with one another
To deal with the growing CBD (central Business District) of any city, he
recommended the theory of DYNAPOLIS
When an Urban settlement cannot expand, how to cater the increased
population and services?
▫This concept is a relief to such Urban Hazards where the CBD
grows freely with the increase of population
▫The growth direction of the CBD may be conceived as the principal
axis of a parabola
▫The growth of the Residential Districts is along the parabolic path
▫This growth continues until stopped by some natural restraint like
Rivers, Mountains etc
DYNAPOLIS - C.A. Doxiadis
The Industrial Revolution
•Evolution of Cities
▫The city is described s a Living organism
▫It takes Birth, it Grows and it Dies
▫There are various stages in the life of a city. They are
Ecopolis
It means Small City
This is the first stage in the development of a city
It is little more developed than a Village Community
Association of people takes place on the basis of blood relation
Common Alter takes place the shape of a Community Temple
Certain Art Forms becomes a part of life like singing, dancing etc
Granary becomes one of the important places of the Ecopolis
The Industrial Revolution

•Evolution of Cities
Polis
Village agglomerate together to form a Polis
This agglomeration is done basically for defence purposes
The people here have a common God and they share same Temple
There is increase in Industrial Production and Specialization begins to
appear
Paved Roads and Wheeled Traffic is introduced
Health and medical facilities are made available
Buildings begins to represent a particular way of life like Schools,
Gymnasiums etc
Polis also maintains links with lower order developments via migration
The Industrial Revolution
•Evolution of Cities
Metropolis
METRO means ‘Mother’
City that emerges from a group of Villages
Water and Food are made available
Administration and Machineries are introduced
Traders and students form two different groups in a metropolis
Therefore there is cultural difference amongst people as they have different life styles
This results in the development of different economic and social cultures
Centralized administration system developed
Agriculture becomes secondary to mechanization
Exploitation of economy give rise to economical segregation amongst people
The gap between the poor and the rich starts widening
The Industrial Revolution
Megalopolis
This is the beginning of the ‘end’ of the city’s life
The rich capitalists Rule and the city concentrates on gathering wealth
Mechanization competes with arts and architecture
There is seen an extension of ‘Parasitism’ in economic and social
scenario
Politics becomes a tool for the betterment of individuals with Public
Funds
Growing Violence amongst people is an indicator of the slow decay of
the city
There is also demands of protection money by organized thugs and
‘Mafiaism’ develops in all the Business activities
The Industrial Revolution
Tyrannopolis
This is a deteriorated version of the Megalopolis
Here the situation worsens and people flow out of the city
though depending on the infrastructural facilities
Thus, Conurbation takes place
Nekropolis
Nekro means Dead
There are symptoms of War, Famine and Disease
It shows no evidence of Life
People leave cities in search of better place for living or try
to rejuvenate it as per their own requirements