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Engineering Department
Brgy. Zabali baler Aurora
Part 3
(ELECTRIC FORCES AND
ELECTRIC FIELD)
Prepared by: Engr. Richard G. Pascua
Engineering Department Aurora State College of technology
PHYSICS
ELECTRICITY
PHYSICS
ELECTRICITY
Around 700 B.C. the ancient Greeks conducted the earliest known study of electricity.
It all began when someone noticed that a fossil material called amber would attract
small objects after being rubbed with wool.
Since then we have learned that this phenomenon is not restricted to amber and
wool, but occurs (to some degree) when almost any two nonconducting substances
are rubbed together.
PHYSICS
ELECTRICITY
We then discuss Coulomb’s law, which is the fundamental law of force between any two
stationary charged particles.
The concept of an electric field associated with charges is introduced and its effects on
other charged particles described. We end with discussions of the Van de Graaff
generator and Gauss’s law.
PHYSICS
PHYSICS
On a dry day, the rubbed balloon will then stick to the wall of a
room, often for hours. These materials have become electrically
charged.
PHYSICS
PHYSICS
PHYSICS
PHYSICS
One object gains a negative charge while the other loses an equal
amount of negative charge and hence is left with a net positive
charge.
PHYSICS
PHYSICS
Other experiments in Millikan’s time showed that the electron has a charge of e
and the proton has an equal and opposite charge of e. Some particles, such as
a neutron, have no net charge.
A neutral atom (an atom with no net charge) contains as many protons as
electrons. The value of e is now known to be 1.602 19 X 10^-19 C. (The SI unit of
electric charge is the coulomb, or C.)
PHYSICS
Glass and rubber are insulators. When such materials are charged by rubbing, only the
rubbed area becomes charged, and there is no tendency for the charge to move into
other regions of the material.
In contrast, materials such as copper, aluminum, and silver are good conductors. When
such materials are charged in some small region, the charge readily distributes itself
over the entire surface of the material.
PHYSICS
PHYSICS
CHARGING BY CONDUCTION
Consider a negatively charged rubber rod brought into
contact with an insulated neutral conducting sphere.
The excess electrons on the rod repel electrons on the
sphere, creating local positive charges on the neutral
sphere.
On contact, some electrons on the rod are now able to
move onto the sphere, as in Figure 15.3, neutralizing
the positive charges. When the rod is removed, the
sphere is left with a net negative charge.
This process is referred to as charging by
conduction. The object being charged in such a
process (the sphere) is always left with a charge
having the same sign as the object doing the charging
(the rubber rod).
PHYSICS
CHARGING BY INDUCTION
PHYSICS
CHARGING BY INDUCTION
PHYSICS
CHARGING BY INDUCTION
When the negatively charged rod is brought close to the sphere, the
repulsive force between the electrons in the rod and those in the
sphere causes some electrons to move to the side of the sphere
farthest away from the rod (Fig. 15.4b).
PHYSICS
CHARGING BY INDUCTION
The region of the sphere nearest the negatively charged rod has an excess of
positive charge because of the migration of electrons away from that location.
PHYSICS
CHARGING BY INDUCTION
PHYSICS
CHARGING BY INDUCTION
PHYSICS
CHARGING BY INDUCTION
PHYSICS
CHARGING BY INDUCTION
PHYSICS
CHARGING BY INDUCTION
QUICK QUIZ 1
(a) It is uncharged.
(b) It has a negative charge.
(c) It has a positive charge.
(d) It may be either charged or uncharged.
PHYSICS
CHARGING BY INDUCTION
QUICK QUIZ 1
(a) It is uncharged.
(b) It has a negative charge.
(c) It has a positive charge.
(d) It may be either charged or uncharged.
PHYSICS
COULOMB’S LAW
1. It is directed along a line joining the two particles and is inversely proportional
to the square of the separation distance r, between them.
2. It is proportional to the product of the magnitudes of the charges, q1 and
q2, of the two particles.
3. It is attractive if the charges are of opposite sign and repulsive if the
charges have the same sign.
PHYSICS
COULOMB’S LAW
PHYSICS
COULOMB’S LAW
PHYSICS
COULOMB’S LAW
Equation 15.1, known as Coulomb’s law, applies exactly only to point charges
and to spherical distributions of charges, in which case r is the distance between
the two centers of charge. Electric forces between unmoving charges are called
electrostatic forces. Moving charges, in addition, create magnetic forces, studied
in Chapter 19.
PHYSICS
COULOMB’S LAW
The value of the Coulomb constant in Equation 15.1 depends on the choice of units.
The SI unit of charge is the coulomb (C). From experiment, we know that the
Coulomb constant in SI units has the value
PHYSICS
COULOMB’S LAW
PHYSICS
COULOMB’S LAW
PHYSICS
COULOMB’S LAW
PHYSICS
The electron and proton of a hydrogen atom are separated (on the average)
by a distance of about 5.3 X 10^11 m. (a) Find the magnitudes of the electric
force and the gravitational force that each particle exerts on the other, and
the ratio of the electric force Fe to the gravitational force Fg . (b) Compute the
acceleration caused by the electric force of the proton on the electron.
Repeat for the gravitational acceleration.
PHYSICS
PHYSICS
PHYSICS
Three charges lie along the x-axis as in Figure 15.7. The positive
charge q1 = 15 μC is at x = 2.0 m, and the positive charge q2 = 6.0 μC is at the
origin. Where must a negative charge q3 be placed on the x-axis so that the
resultant electric force on it is zero?
PHYSICS
PHYSICS
PHYSICS
PHYSICS
PHYSICS
PHYSICS
PHYSICS
PHYSICS
PHYSICS
SEATWORK
1. A 7.5-nC charge is located 1.8 m from a 4.2-nC charge. Find the magnitude of the
electrostatic force that one charge exerts on the other. Is the force attractive or repulsive?