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Aurora State College of technology

Engineering Department
Brgy. Zabali baler Aurora

Part 3
(ELECTRIC FORCES AND
ELECTRIC FIELD)
Prepared by: Engr. Richard G. Pascua
Engineering Department Aurora State College of technology

PHYSICS

ELECTRICITY

 Electricity is the lifeblood of technological civilization and modern society.

 Without it, we revert to the mid-nineteenth century: no telephones, no


television, none of the household appliances that we take for granted.

 Modern medicine would be a fantasy, and due to the lack of sophisticated


experimental equipment and fast computers—and especially the slow
dissemination of information—science and technology would grow at a glacial
pace.

COLLEGE PHYSICS 8TH EDITION BY:RAYMOND


Engineering Department Aurora State College of technology

PHYSICS

ELECTRICITY

 Around 700 B.C. the ancient Greeks conducted the earliest known study of electricity.

 It all began when someone noticed that a fossil material called amber would attract
small objects after being rubbed with wool.

 Since then we have learned that this phenomenon is not restricted to amber and
wool, but occurs (to some degree) when almost any two nonconducting substances
are rubbed together.

COLLEGE PHYSICS 8TH EDITION BY:RAYMOND


Engineering Department Aurora State College of technology

PHYSICS

ELECTRICITY

 In this chapter we use the effect of charging by friction to begin an investigation of


electric forces.

 We then discuss Coulomb’s law, which is the fundamental law of force between any two
stationary charged particles.

 The concept of an electric field associated with charges is introduced and its effects on
other charged particles described. We end with discussions of the Van de Graaff
generator and Gauss’s law.

COLLEGE PHYSICS 8TH EDITION BY:RAYMOND


Engineering Department Aurora State College of technology

PHYSICS

PROPERTIES OF ELECTRIC CHARGES

 After running a plastic comb through your hair, you will


find that the comb attracts bits of paper. The attractive
force is often strong enough to suspend the paper from
the comb, defying the gravitational pull of the
entire Earth.

 The same effect occurs with other rubbed


materials, such as glass and hard rubber.

COLLEGE PHYSICS 8TH EDITION BY:RAYMOND


Engineering Department Aurora State College of technology

PHYSICS

PROPERTIES OF ELECTRIC CHARGES

 Another simple experiment is to rub an inflated balloon against wool


(or across your hair).

 On a dry day, the rubbed balloon will then stick to the wall of a
room, often for hours. These materials have become electrically
charged.

COLLEGE PHYSICS 8TH EDITION BY:RAYMOND


Engineering Department Aurora State College of technology

PHYSICS

PROPERTIES OF ELECTRIC CHARGES

 Experiments also demonstrate that


there are two kinds of electric charge,
which Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790)
named positive and negative. Figure
15.1 illustrates the interaction of the
two charges.
 A hard rubber (or plastic) rod that has
been rubbed with fur is suspended by
a piece of string. When a glass rod
that has been rubbed with silk is
brought near the rubber rod, the
rubber rod is attracted toward the
glass rod (Fig. 15.1a).

COLLEGE PHYSICS 8TH EDITION BY:RAYMOND


Engineering Department Aurora State College of technology

PHYSICS

PROPERTIES OF ELECTRIC CHARGES

 If two charged rubber rods (or two charged


glass rods) are brought near each other,
as in Figure 15.1b, the force between them
is repulsive.

 These observations may be explained by


assuming the rubber and glass rods have
acquired different kinds of excess charge.
We use the convention suggested by
Franklin, where the excess electric charge
on the glass rod is called positive and that
on the rubber rod is called negative.

COLLEGE PHYSICS 8TH EDITION BY:RAYMOND


Engineering Department Aurora State College of technology

PHYSICS

PROPERTIES OF ELECTRIC CHARGES

 On the basis of such observations,


we conclude that like charges
repel one another and unlike
charges attract one another.

 Objects usually contain equal


amounts of positive and negative
charge; electrical forces between
objects arise when those objects
have net negative or positive
charges.

COLLEGE PHYSICS 8TH EDITION BY:RAYMOND


Engineering Department Aurora State College of technology

PHYSICS

PROPERTIES OF ELECTRIC CHARGES

 An important characteristic of charge is that electric charge is


always conserved. Charge isn’t created when two neutral objects
are rubbed together; rather, the objects become charged because
negative charge is transferred from one object to the other.

 One object gains a negative charge while the other loses an equal
amount of negative charge and hence is left with a net positive
charge.

COLLEGE PHYSICS 8TH EDITION BY:RAYMOND


Engineering Department Aurora State College of technology

PHYSICS

PROPERTIES OF ELECTRIC CHARGES

 In 1909 Robert Millikan (1886–1953) discovered that if an


object is charged, its charge is always a multiple of a
fundamental unit of charge, designated by the symbol e.

 In modern terms, the charge is said to be quantized,


meaning that charge occurs in discrete chunks that can’t be
further subdivided.

COLLEGE PHYSICS 8TH EDITION BY:RAYMOND


Engineering Department Aurora State College of technology

PHYSICS

PROPERTIES OF ELECTRIC CHARGES

 Other experiments in Millikan’s time showed that the electron has a charge of e
and the proton has an equal and opposite charge of e. Some particles, such as
a neutron, have no net charge.

 A neutral atom (an atom with no net charge) contains as many protons as
electrons. The value of e is now known to be 1.602 19 X 10^-19 C. (The SI unit of
electric charge is the coulomb, or C.)

COLLEGE PHYSICS 8TH EDITION BY:RAYMOND


Engineering Department Aurora State College of technology

PHYSICS

INSULATORS AND CONDUCTORS

 In conductors, electric charges move freely in response to an electric


force. All other materials are called insulators.

 Glass and rubber are insulators. When such materials are charged by rubbing, only the
rubbed area becomes charged, and there is no tendency for the charge to move into
other regions of the material.

 In contrast, materials such as copper, aluminum, and silver are good conductors. When
such materials are charged in some small region, the charge readily distributes itself
over the entire surface of the material.

COLLEGE PHYSICS 8TH EDITION BY:RAYMOND


Engineering Department Aurora State College of technology

PHYSICS

INSULATORS AND CONDUCTORS

 Semiconductors are a third class of materials, and their electrical


properties are somewhere between those of insulators and those
of conductors.

 Silicon and germanium are well-known semiconductors that are


widely used in the fabrication of a variety of electronic devices.

COLLEGE PHYSICS 8TH EDITION BY:RAYMOND


Engineering Department Aurora State College of technology

PHYSICS

CHARGING BY CONDUCTION
 Consider a negatively charged rubber rod brought into
contact with an insulated neutral conducting sphere.
The excess electrons on the rod repel electrons on the
sphere, creating local positive charges on the neutral
sphere.
 On contact, some electrons on the rod are now able to
move onto the sphere, as in Figure 15.3, neutralizing
the positive charges. When the rod is removed, the
sphere is left with a net negative charge.
 This process is referred to as charging by
conduction. The object being charged in such a
process (the sphere) is always left with a charge
having the same sign as the object doing the charging
(the rubber rod).

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Engineering Department Aurora State College of technology

PHYSICS

CHARGING BY INDUCTION

 An object connected to a conducting wire or copper pipe buried in the


Earth is said to be grounded.

 The Earth can be considered an infinite reservoir for electrons; in


effect, it can accept or supply an unlimited number of
electrons. With this idea in mind, we can understand the
charging of a conductor by a process known as induction.

COLLEGE PHYSICS 8TH EDITION BY:RAYMOND


Engineering Department Aurora State College of technology

PHYSICS

CHARGING BY INDUCTION

 Consider a negatively charged rubber rod brought near a


neutral (uncharged) conducting sphere that is insulated, so
there is no conducting path to ground (Fig. 15.4). Initially the
sphere is electrically neutral (Fig. 15.4a).

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Engineering Department Aurora State College of technology

PHYSICS

CHARGING BY INDUCTION

 When the negatively charged rod is brought close to the sphere, the
repulsive force between the electrons in the rod and those in the
sphere causes some electrons to move to the side of the sphere
farthest away from the rod (Fig. 15.4b).

COLLEGE PHYSICS 8TH EDITION BY:RAYMOND


Engineering Department Aurora State College of technology

PHYSICS

CHARGING BY INDUCTION
 The region of the sphere nearest the negatively charged rod has an excess of
positive charge because of the migration of electrons away from that location.

 If a grounded conducting wire is then connected to the sphere, as in Figure 15.4c,


some of the electrons leave the sphere and travel to ground.

COLLEGE PHYSICS 8TH EDITION BY:RAYMOND


Engineering Department Aurora State College of technology

PHYSICS

CHARGING BY INDUCTION

 If the wire to ground is then removed (Fig. 15.4d), the conducting


sphere is left with an excess of induced positive charge.

COLLEGE PHYSICS 8TH EDITION BY:RAYMOND


Engineering Department Aurora State College of technology

PHYSICS

CHARGING BY INDUCTION

 Finally, when the rubber rod is removed


from the vicinity of the sphere (Fig. 15.4e),
the induced positive charge remains on
the ungrounded sphere.

 Even though the positively charged atomic


nuclei remain fixed, this excess positive
charge becomes uniformly distributed over
the surface of the ungrounded sphere
because of the repulsive forces among the
like charges and the high mobility of
electrons in a metal.

COLLEGE PHYSICS 8TH EDITION BY:RAYMOND


Engineering Department Aurora State College of technology

PHYSICS

CHARGING BY INDUCTION

 In the process of inducing a charge on the sphere, the charged


rubber rod doesn’t lose any of its negative charge because it
never comes in contact with the sphere.

 Furthermore, the sphere is left with a charge opposite that of the


rubber rod. Charging an object by induction requires no
contact with the object inducing the charge.

COLLEGE PHYSICS 8TH EDITION BY:RAYMOND


Engineering Department Aurora State College of technology

PHYSICS

CHARGING BY INDUCTION

 A process similar to charging by induction in conductors also takes


place in insulators.

 In most neutral atoms or molecules, the center of positive charge


coincides with the center of negative charge.

 In the presence of a charged object, however, these centers may


separate slightly, resulting in more positive charge on one side of the
molecule than on the other. This effect is known as polarization.

COLLEGE PHYSICS 8TH EDITION BY:RAYMOND


Engineering Department Aurora State College of technology

PHYSICS

CHARGING BY INDUCTION

QUICK QUIZ 1

 A suspended object A is attracted to a neutral wall. It’s also attracted to a


positively charged object B. Which of the following is true about object A?

(a) It is uncharged.
(b) It has a negative charge.
(c) It has a positive charge.
(d) It may be either charged or uncharged.

COLLEGE PHYSICS 8TH EDITION BY:RAYMOND


Engineering Department Aurora State College of technology

PHYSICS

CHARGING BY INDUCTION
QUICK QUIZ 1

 A suspended object A is attracted to a neutral wall. It’s also attracted to a


positively charged object B. Which of the following is true about object A?

(a) It is uncharged.
(b) It has a negative charge.
(c) It has a positive charge.
(d) It may be either charged or uncharged.

COLLEGE PHYSICS 8TH EDITION BY:RAYMOND


Engineering Department Aurora State College of technology

PHYSICS

COULOMB’S LAW

 In 1785 Charles Coulomb (1736–1806) experimentally established the fundamental


law of electric force between two stationary charged particles.

An electric force has the following properties:

1. It is directed along a line joining the two particles and is inversely proportional
to the square of the separation distance r, between them.
2. It is proportional to the product of the magnitudes of the charges, q1 and
q2, of the two particles.
3. It is attractive if the charges are of opposite sign and repulsive if the
charges have the same sign.

COLLEGE PHYSICS 8TH EDITION BY:RAYMOND


Engineering Department Aurora State College of technology

PHYSICS

COULOMB’S LAW

COLLEGE PHYSICS 8TH EDITION BY:RAYMOND


Engineering Department Aurora State College of technology

PHYSICS

COULOMB’S LAW

 From these observations, Coulomb proposed the following


mathematical form for the electric force between two charges:

FIGURE 15.5 (a) The charged


object on the left induces charges
on the surface of an insulator. (b) A
charged comb attracts bits of paper
because charges are displaced in the
paper.

COLLEGE PHYSICS 8TH EDITION BY:RAYMOND


Engineering Department Aurora State College of technology

PHYSICS

COULOMB’S LAW

Equation 15.1, known as Coulomb’s law, applies exactly only to point charges
and to spherical distributions of charges, in which case r is the distance between
the two centers of charge. Electric forces between unmoving charges are called
electrostatic forces. Moving charges, in addition, create magnetic forces, studied
in Chapter 19.

COLLEGE PHYSICS 8TH EDITION BY:RAYMOND


Engineering Department Aurora State College of technology

PHYSICS

COULOMB’S LAW

 The value of the Coulomb constant in Equation 15.1 depends on the choice of units.
The SI unit of charge is the coulomb (C). From experiment, we know that the
Coulomb constant in SI units has the value

COLLEGE PHYSICS 8TH EDITION BY:RAYMOND


Engineering Department Aurora State College of technology

PHYSICS

COULOMB’S LAW

COLLEGE PHYSICS 8TH EDITION BY:RAYMOND


Engineering Department Aurora State College of technology

PHYSICS

COULOMB’S LAW

COLLEGE PHYSICS 8TH EDITION BY:RAYMOND


Engineering Department Aurora State College of technology

PHYSICS

COULOMB’S LAW

COLLEGE PHYSICS 8TH EDITION BY:RAYMOND


Engineering Department Aurora State College of technology

PHYSICS

COULOMB’S LAW (EXAMPLE)

 The electron and proton of a hydrogen atom are separated (on the average)
by a distance of about 5.3 X 10^11 m. (a) Find the magnitudes of the electric
force and the gravitational force that each particle exerts on the other, and
the ratio of the electric force Fe to the gravitational force Fg . (b) Compute the
acceleration caused by the electric force of the proton on the electron.
Repeat for the gravitational acceleration.

COLLEGE PHYSICS 8TH EDITION BY:RAYMOND


Engineering Department Aurora State College of technology

PHYSICS

COULOMB’S LAW (EXAMPLE)

COLLEGE PHYSICS 8TH EDITION BY:RAYMOND


Engineering Department Aurora State College of technology

PHYSICS

COULOMB’S LAW (EXAMPLE)

COLLEGE PHYSICS 8TH EDITION BY:RAYMOND


Engineering Department Aurora State College of technology

PHYSICS

COULOMB’S LAW (EXAMPLE)

Three charges lie along the x-axis as in Figure 15.7. The positive
charge q1 = 15 μC is at x = 2.0 m, and the positive charge q2 = 6.0 μC is at the
origin. Where must a negative charge q3 be placed on the x-axis so that the
resultant electric force on it is zero?

COLLEGE PHYSICS 8TH EDITION BY:RAYMOND


Engineering Department Aurora State College of technology

PHYSICS

COULOMB’S LAW (EXAMPLE)

COLLEGE PHYSICS 8TH EDITION BY:RAYMOND


Engineering Department Aurora State College of technology

PHYSICS

COULOMB’S LAW (EXAMPLE)

COLLEGE PHYSICS 8TH EDITION BY:RAYMOND


Engineering Department Aurora State College of technology

PHYSICS

COULOMB’S LAW (EXAMPLE)

COLLEGE PHYSICS 8TH EDITION BY:RAYMOND


Engineering Department Aurora State College of technology

PHYSICS

COULOMB’S LAW (EXAMPLE)

COLLEGE PHYSICS 8TH EDITION BY:RAYMOND


Engineering Department Aurora State College of technology

PHYSICS

COULOMB’S LAW (EXAMPLE)

COLLEGE PHYSICS 8TH EDITION BY:RAYMOND


Engineering Department Aurora State College of technology

PHYSICS

COULOMB’S LAW (EXAMPLE)

COLLEGE PHYSICS 8TH EDITION BY:RAYMOND


Engineering Department Aurora State College of technology

PHYSICS

COULOMB’S LAW (EXAMPLE)

COLLEGE PHYSICS 8TH EDITION BY:RAYMOND


Engineering Department Aurora State College of technology

PHYSICS

COULOMB’S LAW (EXAMPLE)

COLLEGE PHYSICS 8TH EDITION BY:RAYMOND


Engineering Department Aurora State College of technology

PHYSICS

SEATWORK

1. A 7.5-nC charge is located 1.8 m from a 4.2-nC charge. Find the magnitude of the
electrostatic force that one charge exerts on the other. Is the force attractive or repulsive?

2. Three point charges are located at the corners of an equilateral triangle as in


Figure P15.13. Find the magnitude and direction of the net electric force on the 2.00
μC charge.

COLLEGE PHYSICS 8TH EDITION BY:RAYMOND

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