July, 2005 doc.: IEEE 802.

15−05−0393−00−004a

Project: IEEE P802.15 Working Group for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs)

Submission Title: [Codes for preamble and data]

Date Submitted: [7 June, 2005]

Source: [Michael Mc Laughlin] Company [Decawave Ltd.]

Address [25 Meadowfield, Sandyford, Dublin 18, Ireland]
Voice:[+353−1−2954937 ], FAX: [What’s a FAX?], E−Mail: [michael@decawave.com]

Re: [802.15.4a.]

Abstract: [Discusses the desirable properties of spreading sequences]

Purpose: [To promote discussion in 802.15.4a.]

Notice: This document has been prepared to assist the IEEE P802.15. It is offered as a basis for
discussion and is not binding on the contributing individual(s) or organization(s). The material in this
document is subject to change in form and content after further study. The contributor(s) reserve(s) the
right to add, amend or withdraw material contained herein.

Release: The contributor acknowledges and accepts that this contribution becomes the property of
IEEE and may be made publicly available by P802.15.

Submission Slide 1 Mc Laughlin, Decawave

July, 2005 doc.: IEEE 802.15−05−0393−00−004a

Spreading sequences:
Desirable properties

Submission Slide 2 Mc Laughlin, Decawave

July, 2005 doc.: IEEE 802.15−05−0393−00−004a

Five KEY properties

• Sequence Length
• Pulse Repetition Frequency
• Autocorrelation properties
– Periodic autocorrelation (Channel sounding)
– Aperiodic autocorrelation (Data mode)
• Spectral peak to average ratio (SPAR)
– FCC requirements
• Temporal peak to average ratio (TPAR)
– Power supply requirements

Submission Slide 3 Mc Laughlin, Decawave

July, 2005 doc.: IEEE 802.15−05−0393−00−004a

Periodic Autocorrelation (1)

• For channel sounding, a repeated sequence is appropriate.
– Periodic autocorrelation function is the important property for a
channel sounding sequence

• Ipatov ternary sequences have “perfect” periodic autocorrelation

i.e. all side lobes are zero

• PBTS codes (from WBA/I2R) also have perfect” periodic

autocorrelation

• m−sequences have “ideal” periodic autocorrelation, i.e. their

autocorrelation function is N (the sequence length) at one
sample period and −1 everywhere else.

Submission Slide 4 Mc Laughlin, Decawave

July, 2005 doc.: IEEE 802.15−05−0393−00−004a

Periodic Autocorrelation (2)

• This means that the output of a

correlator operating on repeated Ipatov
Transmitted sequences is EXACTLY,
the channel impulse repeated, plus
noise.
• The output of a correlator operating on
a repeated m−sequence is CLOSE TO
the channel impulse response + noise.
Submission Slide 5 Mc Laughlin, Decawave
July, 2005 doc.: IEEE 802.15−05−0393−00−004a

Example Correlator Outputs

Correlator Output: Ipatov sequence Correlator Output: m-sequence

10 15

10
5

5
0

-5
-5

-10
-10

-15 -15
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000

Submission Slide 6 Mc Laughlin, Decawave

July, 2005 doc.: IEEE 802.15−05−0393−00−004a

Aperiodic Autocorrelation

• For transmitting data, aperiodic

autocorrelation function (AACF) is
appropriate.
– Previous and next sequences may not be
the same.
– Good AACF means low ISI
– Golay Merit Factor (GMF) is a common
measure of goodness of AACF. (Golay
1977)

Submission Slide 7 Mc Laughlin, Decawave

July, 2005 doc.: IEEE 802.15−05−0393−00−004a

Golay Merit Factor

ac(n) 2
• GMF is defined as  ac
i n
(i ) 2

where ac is the aperiodic auto correlation function of

a length n sequence
• The average GMF of binary sequences is 1.0
• Best known GMF for binary sequences is 14.08 for
the Barker 13 sequence, next is 12.1 for the Barker
11 sequence.
• The mean Golay merit factor of the length 32 Walsh-
Hadamard matrix is 0.194.
• GMF greater than 6 is rare

Submission Slide 8 Mc Laughlin, Decawave

July, 2005 doc.: IEEE 802.15−05−0393−00−004a

Autocorrelation: High GMF

Fig 3: Autocorrelation function of codeword with high Golay Merit Factor

1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-0.2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Submission Slide 9 Mc Laughlin, Decawave

July, 2005 doc.: IEEE 802.15−05−0393−00−004a

Autocorrelation: Low GMF

Fig 4: Autocorrelation function of codeword with low Golay Merit Factor

1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Submission Slide 10 Mc Laughlin, Decawave

July, 2005 doc.: IEEE 802.15−05−0393−00−004a

Matched Filter Output – High GMF

Fig 5: Input to sampler for correct codeword with high Golay Merit Factor
1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

Submission Slide 11 Mc Laughlin, Decawave

July, 2005 doc.: IEEE 802.15−05−0393−00−004a

Matched Filter Output – Low GMF

Fig 6: Input to sampler for correct codeword with low Golay Merit Factor
1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

Submission Slide 12 Mc Laughlin, Decawave

July, 2005 doc.: IEEE 802.15−05−0393−00−004a

Spectral Peak to Average ratio (SPAR)

• In absence of ITU recommendations,

use the FCC requirements.
• Spectrum measured in 1MHz frequency
bins for 1ms intervals.
• Need Low SPAR.
• SPAR in dBs converts to power backoff
required.

Submission Slide 13 Mc Laughlin, Decawave

July, 2005 doc.: IEEE 802.15−05−0393−00−004a

Temporal Peak to Average Ratio

• Need low TPAR, otherwise need high

voltage power supply.
• Best GMF (Infinite) is a single impulse.
• Impulse has 0dB SPAR
• TPAR of Impulse is worst
• Need to balance sequence length and
PRF to get a good SPAR and a good
TPAR.
Submission Slide 14 Mc Laughlin, Decawave
July, 2005 doc.: IEEE 802.15−05−0393−00−004a

Example sequences
• One of the Ipatov length 57 sequences:
−0+0−−0−−−+−+−+++++−−+++−++0++−0++−+−++−+−−0−+++−00−−++++
– GMF is 3.75
• A Length 63 m sequence:
−−−−−−+−+−+−−++−−+−−−+−−+−++−++−−−+++−+−−−−++−+−+++−−++++−+++++
– GMF is 3.52

• Both of these sequences, if transmitted repeatedly back to

back, have a flat spectrum

• Ipatov sequences are available at the following lengths:

7,13,21,31,57,73,91,127,133,183,273,307,381,512,553,651,75
7,871,993,1057,1407,1723

Submission Slide 15 Mc Laughlin, Decawave

July, 2005 doc.: IEEE 802.15−05−0393−00−004a

Sequence length and PRF

• If sequence is repeated, spectral lines spaced at the
1/sequence length apart.
• Want these to be < ~ 2MHz apart for FCC
compliance and low SPAR
• Needs to be longer than Channel Impulse Response
– e.g. CM8 has significant energy to ~850ns.
• For a 1000ns duration sequence, a length 553
sequence requires ~10 times lower TPAR than length
57, but ~10 times larger PRF.

Submission Slide 16 Mc Laughlin, Decawave

July, 2005 doc.: IEEE 802.15−05−0393−00−004a

TG4a CM8 Magnitudes

Submission Slide 17 Mc Laughlin, Decawave

July, 2005 doc.: IEEE 802.15−05−0393−00−004a

TG4a CM6 Magnitudes

Submission Slide 18 Mc Laughlin, Decawave

July, 2005 doc.: IEEE 802.15−05−0393−00−004a

Basic Difference sets for length 31 codes

• Few zeros
– Parameters L=31,k=6, λ=1
– Difference set =[1 5 11 24 25 27 ];

• Balanced zeros
– Parameters L=31,k=15, λ=7
– Difference set =[1 2 3 4 6 8 12 15
16 17 23 24 27 29 30 ];

Submission Slide 19 Mc Laughlin, Decawave

July, 2005 doc.: IEEE 802.15−05−0393−00−004a

Auto correlation. Fewest zeros ipatov

sequence
Autocorrelation: L=31, Low Zeros Ipatov Sequences
25

20

15

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Submission Slide 20 Mc Laughlin, Decawave

July, 2005 doc.: IEEE 802.15−05−0393−00−004a

Auto correlation. Balanced zero ipatov

sequence
Autocorrelation: L=31, Balanced Zeros Ipatov Sequences
16

14

12

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Submission Slide 21 Mc Laughlin, Decawave

July, 2005 doc.: IEEE 802.15−05−0393−00−004a

Autocorrelation of magnitude.
Balanced zero codes
Autocorrelation of Magnitude: L=31, Balanced Zeros Ipatov Sequences
16

14

12

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Submission Slide 22 Mc Laughlin, Decawave

July, 2005 doc.: IEEE 802.15−05−0393−00−004a

Autocorrelation of magnitude.
Fewest zero codes
Autocorrelation of Magnitude: L=31, Fewest Zeros Ipatov Sequences
25

20

15

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Submission Slide 23 Mc Laughlin, Decawave

July, 2005 doc.: IEEE 802.15−05−0393−00−004a

Cross correlation of fewest zeros ipatov

with modified magnitude sequence
Crosscorrelation of Magnitude and Modified Ipatov: L=31, Fewest Zeros Ipatov
25

20

15

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Cross correlation of
0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1
with
-4 1 1 -4 1 1 1 1 1 1 -4 -4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -4 1 1 1 -4 1
i.e. 0 replaced by -4

Submission Slide 24 Mc Laughlin, Decawave

July, 2005 doc.: IEEE 802.15−05−0393−00−004a

Cross correlation of balanced zeros ipatov

with modified magnitude sequence
Crosscorrelation of Magnitude and Modified Ipatov: L=31, Balanced Zeros Ipatov
16

14

12

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Cross correlation of

0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
with
-1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 1 -1 -1

i.e. 0 replaced by -1

Submission Slide 25 Mc Laughlin, Decawave

July, 2005 doc.: IEEE 802.15−05−0393−00−004a

12 Length 31 codes
Balanced Ipatov Sequences (BITS)
Code SPAR (dB) GMF
00+−0+0+00+000+0++−−−0−+00−++00 *6 **3 3.4 4.9
0++00+00−−−+−0++−000+0+0−+0+000 3.5 5.8
−0++0−0+000+−+0++++−00−00−+0000 3.5 5.8
0+++−+000−+0+++0−0+0000−00−0+−0 *6 3.8 3.8
+0−−+0++000−+−++00++0+00−0000−0 *6 **3 4.2 4.0
00−+0−00−0000+0−0+++0+−000+−+++ 3.8 3.8
+0+−0+0+000−++0−+−−−00+00++0000 *6 3.5 5.8
−0000−00+0++00++−+−000++0+−−0+0 4.2 4.0
000+0++−++0+−00+−−0000++0−0−00+ 3.3 6.4
000+00−0−0++0000−−+00−+0++−++0+ *6 3.3 6.4
++−00+−0−−−++0+000+00+0+0−+0000 3.4 4.9
000+−00−00−++++0+−+000+0−0++0−0 *6 **3 3.5 5.8

*6 Combination of 6 codes with best cross correlation

**3 Combination of 3 codes with best cross correlation

Submission Slide 26 Mc Laughlin, Decawave

July, 2005 doc.: IEEE 802.15−05−0393−00−004a

Best 20 of Length 31
Fewest zero codes
Code SPAR (dB) GMF
0−+0−−+−++00+−−−++−++++−+0+++0− 3.4 4.9
+−++0+−0+0+++0−−+++−+++−+−−00−− 3.6 5.6
++−−0−+++++−+++−0++−0−−+−+−0+00 4.0 4.3
−−0+0+++++0−+00++−−+−+−++−−+0+− 3.8 7.1
++++−−0−−+0−−+++−0+00+−++0+−+−+ 2.9 4.9
+00+−0+0++−+++0−−−−+−+0+−−+++−+ 3.0 5.6
−+++−−+++00+0+++−0−−−0+−++−0+−+ 3.2 7.1
0+0−+−+−−0−++0−+++−+++++−0−−++0 4.0 4.3
+−+−+0++−+00+0−+++−−0+−−0−−++++ 2.9 4.9
−00+0+−+−0++−0+−+++0−++++−++−−− 3.1 6.0
++−−0++00++−+−−++++++−0+−+−0−0− 3.3 5.2
−−−++−++++−0+++−+0−++0−+−+0+00− 3.1 6.0
−−00−−+−+++−+++−−0+++0+0−+0++−+ 3.6 5.6
−++−+++−+0−++++−−0−+−−−+0+0++00 3.3 4.3
0−0+++0+−++++−++−−−+00++−+−−0+− 3.4 4.9
+−+++−−+0+−+−−−−0+++−++0+0−+00+ 3.0 5.6

Submission Slide 27 Mc Laughlin, Decawave

July, 2005 doc.: IEEE 802.15−05−0393−00−004a

SPAR, L=31 balanced codes

Spectral Peak to Average Ratio

5

4.8

Decawave codes
4.6
WBA codes

4.4
SPAR dB

4.2

3.8

3.6

3.4

3.2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
code

Lower is better

Submission Slide 28 Mc Laughlin, Decawave

July, 2005 doc.: IEEE 802.15−05−0393−00−004a

Autocorrelation: Golay Merit Factor

L=31 balanced codes

Autocorrelation Merit Factors

7

Decawave codes
6 WBA codes

5
Merit Factor

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
code

Higher is better

Submission Slide 29 Mc Laughlin, Decawave

July, 2005 doc.: IEEE 802.15−05−0393−00−004a

Cross Correlation
Coherent cross-correlation matrix

16 6 4 4 6 4
6 16 6 6 6 4
4 6 16 6 4 4
4 6 6 16 6 6
6 6 4 6 16 6
4 4 4 6 6 16

Non-coherent cross-correlation matrix

16 4 4 4 6 4
4 16 6 4 4 4
4 6 16 4 4 4
4 4 4 16 4 6
6 4 4 4 16 4
4 4 4 6 4 16

Submission Slide 30 Mc Laughlin, Decawave

July, 2005 doc.: IEEE 802.15−05−0393−00−004a

Preamble PSD for BITS

at 30.875MHz PRF

Power spectral density, Code Length: 31, PRF: 30.9MHz

0.15

0.1

0.05
dB/Hz

-0.05

-0.1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Frequency, MHz

Submission Slide 31 Mc Laughlin, Decawave

July, 2005 doc.: IEEE 802.15−05−0393−00−004a

Preamble Spectrum Analyzer Output

BITS: 30.875MHz PRF

Simulated Spectrum Analyzer

76.6

76.55

76.5

76.45

76.4
Power dB

76.35

76.3

76.25

76.2

76.15

76.1
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Frequency (MHz)

Submission Slide 32 Mc Laughlin, Decawave

July, 2005 doc.: IEEE 802.15−05−0393−00−004a

SPAR vs Data mode PSD

BITS:- Codeword No. 10
Power spectral density, Code Length: 31, PRF: 61.8MHz
4

-2
dB/Hz

-4

-6

-8

-10

-12
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Frequency, MHz

Codeword No. 10 : SPAR = 3.26dB

Submission Slide 33 Mc Laughlin, Decawave

July, 2005 doc.: IEEE 802.15−05−0393−00−004a

SPAR vs Data mode Spectrum

BITS:- Codeword No. 10
Simulated Spectrum Analyzer, 61.8MHz PRF
80

79

78

77
Power dB

76

75

74

73

72

71
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Frequency (MHz)

Codeword No. 10 : SPAR = 3.26dB

Submission Slide 34 Mc Laughlin, Decawave

July, 2005 doc.: IEEE 802.15−05−0393−00−004a

Aperiodic PSD – 30.85MHz PRF

Power spectral density, Code Length: 31, PRF: 30.9MHz

1.5

0.5
dB/Hz

-0.5

-1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Frequency, MHz

Codeword No. 10 : SPAR = 3.26dB

Submission Slide 35 Mc Laughlin, Decawave

July, 2005 doc.: IEEE 802.15−05−0393−00−004a

Aperiodic PSD – 15.4MHz PRF

Power spectral density, Code Length: 31, PRF: 15.4MHz

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
dB/Hz

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8
0 5 10 15
Frequency, MHz

Codeword No. 10 : SPAR = 3.26dB

Submission Slide 36 Mc Laughlin, Decawave

 July, 2005 doc.: IEEE 802.15−05−0393−00−004a

Using one of these codes for data

bi-1 = 0, bi = 0

bi-1 = 0, bi = 1

bi-1 = 1, bi = 0

bi-1 = 1, bi = 1

Submission Slide 37 Mc Laughlin, Decawave

July, 2005 doc.: IEEE 802.15−05−0393−00−004a

Conclusion

• 2 Recommendations

– Use periodic BITS codes at 30.875 MHz

PRF for Preamble

– Use BPSK BITS codes at variable PRF for

Data Transmission

Submission Slide 38 Mc Laughlin, Decawave

July, 2005 doc.: IEEE 802.15−05−0393−00−004a

References

• [Ipatov] V. P. Ipatov, “Ternary sequences with ideal

autocorrelation properties” Radio Eng. Electron. Phys.,
vol. 24, pp. 75−79, Oct. 1979.

• [Høholdt et al] Tom Høholdt and Jørn Justesen, “Ternary

sequences with Perfect Periodic Autocorrelation”, IEEE
Transactions on information theory.

Submission Slide 39 Mc Laughlin, Decawave